拉姆福德獎章

維基百科，自由的百科全書
拉姆福德獎章
Rumford Medal
拉姆福德伯爵 (班傑明·湯普森爵士)，獎項以他的名字命名
授予對象對物質的熱學或光學性質做出傑出新發現的在歐洲工作的科學家
日期1800年 (1800)
國家／地區 英國
主辦單位英國皇家學會
官方網站拉姆福德獎章官網

拉姆福德獎章 （英語：Rumford Medal）是一項由英國皇家學會授予的獎項，旨在獎勵「對物質的熱學或光學性質做出傑出新發現的在歐洲工作的科學家」。該獎由拉姆福德伯爵班傑明·湯普森於1796年捐贈5000美元而始創，於1800年首次頒獎，每兩年頒發一次，獎金為1000英鎊。 自成立以來，該獎已授予包括拉姆福德伯爵本人在內的101位科學家。在所有獲獎人中，英國公民獲獎53次，德國17次，法國14次，荷蘭7次，瑞典4次，美國3次，義大利2次，澳大利亞、匈牙利，比利時，盧森堡和紐西蘭各1次。

獲獎者列表

年份
 獲獎者 國籍
 獲獎理由 參考
1800 班傑明·湯普森  英國 為他關於光和熱的多方面發現 [1]
1802 未頒發 — — —
1804 約翰·萊斯利  英國
 為他的著作中發表的關於熱的實驗，題名「對熱的本質和熱的傳播的實驗性研究」 —
1806 未頒發 — — —
1808 威廉·默多克  英國 為他的著作中為照明的目的使用來自煤炭的氣體 —
1810 艾蒂安-路易·馬呂斯  法國 為反射光的新性質的發現, 出版於Memoires dArcueil的第二卷 [2]
1812 未頒發 — — —
1814 威廉·查爾斯·威爾斯（英語：William Charles Wells）  英國 為他關於露水的論文，發表於the course of the preceding (1815) year" [3]
1816 漢弗里·戴維  英國 為他關於燃燒與火焰的論文，出版於Philosophical Transactions的最後一卷 [4]
1818 大衛·布儒斯特  英國 為他關於光的偏振的發現 [5]
1820 未頒發 — — —
1822 未頒發 — — —
1824 奧古斯丁·菲涅耳  法國 "For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics" [6]
1826 未頒發 — — —
1828 未頒發 — — —
1830 未頒發 — — —
1832 約翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼爾  英國 "For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831" [7]
1834 馬切多尼奧·梅洛尼（英語：Macedonio Melloni）  義大利 為他關於輻射熱的發現 [8]
1836 未頒發 — — —
1838 詹姆斯·戴維·福布斯（英語：James David Forbes）  英國 為他關於熱的極化的實驗，其解釋發表於Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh [9]
1840 讓-巴蒂斯特·畢奧  法國 為他的關於光的圓偏振的研究 [10]
1842 威廉·福克斯·塔爾博特  英國 為他對照相術的探索和改進 [11]
1844 未頒發 — — —
1846 麥可·法拉第  英國 "For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine" [12]
1848 亨利·維克托·勒尼奧  法國 "For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines" [13]
1850 弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈  法國 "For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years" —
1852 喬治·斯托克斯  英國 為他對光的折射率變化的研究 —
1854 尼爾·阿諾特（英語：Neil Arnott）  英國 "For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments" —
1856 路易·巴斯德  法國 "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery" —
1858 朱爾·雅曼（英語：Jules Jamin）  法國 為他對光的多方面實驗性研究 —
1860 詹姆斯·克拉克·麥克斯韋  英國 為他關於顏色分解的研究和其他光學論文 —
1862 古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫  德國 "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light" —
1864 約翰·丁達爾  英國 為他關於氣體和蒸汽吸收和輻射熱量的研究 —
1866 阿曼德·斐索  法國 "For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies" —
1868 鮑爾福·斯圖亞特（英語：Balfour Stewart）  英國 "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in [1858 & 1859]" —
1870 艾爾弗雷德·德克盧澤（英語：Alfred Des Cloizeaux）  法國 為他對礦物光學的研究 —
1872 安德斯·埃格斯特朗  瑞典 為他對光譜的研究 —
1874 約瑟夫·諾曼·洛克耶  英國 為他對太陽和化學元素的光譜研究 —
1875 約翰·威廉·德雷珀（英語：John William Draper）  美國 為他對輻射能的研究 —
1876 皮埃爾·讓森  法國 "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope" —
1878 阿爾弗雷德·科爾尼（英語：Alfred Cornu）  法國 "For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light" —
1880 威廉·哈金斯  英國 "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars" —
1882 威廉·德維弗萊斯·阿伯尼（英語：William de Wiveleslie Abney）  英國 "For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum" —
1884 羅伯特·塔倫（英語：Robert Thalén）  瑞典 為他的光譜學研究 —
1886 塞繆爾·蘭利  美國 "For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer" —
1888 彼得羅·塔奇尼（英語：Pietro Tacchini）  義大利 "For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun" —
1890 海因里希·赫茲  德國 為他關於電磁輻射的工作 —
1892 尼爾斯·克里斯多福·杜奈爾  瑞典 為他關於恆星的光譜學的研究 —
1894 詹姆斯·杜瓦  英國 為他關於極低溫度物質性質的研究 —
1896 菲利普·萊納德
威廉·倫琴 		 德國 "For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place" —
1898 奧利弗·洛奇（英語：Oliver Lodge）  英國 "For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether" —
1900 亨利·貝可勒爾  法國 "For his discoveries in radiation proceding [sic] from uranium" —
1902 查爾斯·阿爾格農·帕森斯  英國 "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation" —
1904 歐內斯特·盧瑟福  紐西蘭 "For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies" —
1906 休·朗伯恩·卡倫德（英語：Hugh Longbourne Callendar）  英國 為他關於熱的實驗性工作 —
1908 亨德里克·洛倫茲  荷蘭 為他關於光學和電學的研究 —
1910 海因里希·魯本斯  德國 "On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length" —
1912 海克·卡末林·昂內斯  荷蘭 為他關於低溫的研究 —
1914 約翰·斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵  英國 為他關於熱力學和輻射的研究 —
1916 威廉·亨利·布拉格  英國 為他關於X射線輻射的研究 —
1918 夏爾·法布里
阿爾弗雷德·佩羅 		 法國 為他們對於光學的貢獻 —
1920 羅伯特·斯特拉特（英語：Robert Strutt）  英國 為他關於高真空氣體性質的研究 —
1922 彼得·塞曼  荷蘭 為他對光學的研究 —
1924 查理士·凡而儂·波伊斯  英國 為他對氣體熱量計的發明 —
1926 亞瑟·舒斯特（英語：Arthur Schuster）  英國 "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism" —
1928 弗里德里希·帕邢  德國 為他對譜的知識的貢獻 —
1930 彼得·德拜  荷蘭 為他關於比熱和X射線光譜的工作 —
1932 弗里茨·哈伯  德國 "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions" —
1934 萬德·約翰尼斯·德哈斯  荷蘭 "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation" —
1936 歐內斯特·喬治·科克爾（英語：Ernest George Coker）  英國 "For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures" —
1938 羅伯特·伍德 (物理學家)（英語：Robert Wood）  美國 "In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics" —
1940 曼內·西格巴恩  瑞典 "For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications" —
1942 戈登·多布森（英語：Gordon Dobson）  英國 "In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology" —
1944 哈利·里卡多（英語：Harry Ricardo）  英國 "In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types" —
1946 艾爾弗雷德·伊格爾頓（英語：Alfred Egerton）  英國 "In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance" —
1948 弗朗西斯·西蒙  德國 "For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero" [14]
1950 弗蘭克·惠特爾  英國 "For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft" [15]
1952 弗里茨·澤爾尼克  荷蘭 "In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy" [16]
1954 塞西爾·雷金納德·伯奇（英語：Cecil Reginald Burch）  英國 "For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope" [17]
1956 弗蘭克·菲利普·鮑登（英語：Frank Philip Bowden）  澳洲 "In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction" [18]
1958 托馬斯·拉爾夫·默頓（英語：Thomas Ralph Merton）  英國 "In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics" [19]
1960 艾爾弗雷德·戈登·蓋登（英語：Alfred Gordon Gaydon）  英國 "In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena" —
1962 杜德利·莫里斯·紐伊特（英語：Dudley Maurice Newitt）  英國 "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering" [20]
1964 亨德里克·范德胡斯特  荷蘭 "In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen" —
1966 威廉·朋奈（英語：William Penney）  英國 "In recognition of his distingsuihed [sic] and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain" [21]
1968 加博爾·德奈什  匈牙利 "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography" [22]
1970 克里斯多福·辛頓（英語：Christopher Hinton）  英國 "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation" [23]
1972 巴茲爾·約翰·梅森（英語：Basil John Mason）  英國 "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds" [24]
1974 阿蘭·科特雷爾（英語：Alan Cottrell）  英國 "In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals" —
1976 伊利亞·普里高津 Belgian "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics" —
1978 喬治·波特  英國 "In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis" [25]
1980 威廉·弗蘭克·維埃納（英語：William Frank Vinen）  英國 "In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium" —
1982 查爾斯·戈里·韋恩（英語：Charles Gorrie Wynne）  英國 "In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics" —
1984 哈羅德·霍普金斯（英語：Harold Hopkins (physicist)）  英國 "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery" —
1986 丹尼斯·魯克（英語：Denis Rooke）  英國 "In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry" [26]
1988 菲利克斯·溫伯格（英語：Felix Weinberg）  英國 "In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces" [27]
1990 沃爾特·埃里克·斯皮爾（英語：Walter Eric Spear）  德國 "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens" [28]
1992 哈羅德·內維爾·瓦澤爾·坦珀利（英語：Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley）  英國 "In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra" —
1994 安德魯·凱勒（英語：Andrew Keller）  英國 "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology" [29]
1996 格倫維爾·特納（英語：Grenville Turner）  英國 "In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks" [30]
1998 理察·弗蘭德（英語：Richard Friend）  英國 "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces" [31]
2000 威爾遜·西貝特（英語：Wilson Sibbett）  英國 "In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology. In his work on streak cameras, he first demonstrated the technique of sub-picosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras, by synchronous repetition, can function as oscilloscopes. He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking, and his discovery of the technique of self-modelocking led to the commercialisation of sub-picosecond pulses over a wide tuning range. He also exploited diode-pumped solid-state lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the world's first all-solid-state optical parametric oscillator" [32]
2002 戴維·金（英語：David King）  英國 "for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces" [33]
2004 理察·狄克遜（英語：Richard Dixon）  英國 "in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation" [34]
2006 讓-皮埃爾·漢森（英語：Jean-Pierre Hansen）  盧森堡 "for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids" [35]
2008 愛德華·海因茲（英語：Edward Hinds）  英國 "for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter" [36]
2010 吉爾伯特·隆扎里奇（英語：Gilbert Lonzarich）  英國 "for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"
2012 羅伊·泰勒（英語：J. Roy Taylor）  英國 "for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology"
2014 傑里米·鮑姆伯格（英語：Jeremy Baumberg）  英國 "for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."
2016 奧爾特溫·赫斯  德國/ 英國 "表彰他在奈米表面電漿體激活光學和具有量子增益的光學超材料方面的開創性工作。"
2018 伊恩·瓦姆斯萊（英語：Ian Walmsley）  英國 "for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales"

參考資料

General

Specific

  1. ^ Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-28）. 
  2. ^ Malus biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  3. ^ Oxford DNB article: Wells, William Charles (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  4. ^ Oxford DNB article:Davy, Sir Humphry. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  5. ^ Oxford DNB article: Brewster, Sir David (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  6. ^ Fresnel biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  7. ^ Oxford DNB article:Daniell, John Frederic. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  8. ^ Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. [2009-02-06]. 
  9. ^ Oxford DNB article:Forbes, James David (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  10. ^ Biot biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  11. ^ Oxford DNB article: Talbot, William Henry Fox. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  12. ^ Oxford DNB article: Faraday, Michael (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  13. ^ Collection of the Month - Henri Victor Regnault. The Royal Society. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  14. ^ Royal Society: Simon, Sir Francis Eugene (1893-1956). Aim25. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  15. ^ Fellow of the month - Sir Frank Whittle. The Royal Society. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  16. ^ Frits Zernike - Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  17. ^ Oxford DNB article:Burch, Cecil Reginald. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  18. ^ Bowden, Frank Philip - Bright Sparcs entry. Bright Sparcs. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  19. ^ Oxford DNB article:Merton, Sir Thomas Ralph. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-28）. 
  20. ^ Oxford DNB article:Newitt, Dudley Maurice (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  21. ^ PENNEY, William, Baron Penney of East Hendred (1909-1991). Aim25. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  22. ^ Dennis Gabor - Autobiography. The Nobel Foundation. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  23. ^ Papers and correspondence of Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of Bankside, 1901-1983. Archives Hub. Mimas. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-20）. 
  24. ^ Sir John Mason. Institute of Physics. [2009-01-27].  [失效連結]
  25. ^ Special Issue in commemoration of Lord George Porter. The Royal Society of Chemistry. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  26. ^ Sir Denis Rooke, OM - Telegraph. London: The Daily Telegraph. 2008-09-05 [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  27. ^ 80th Birthday Celebration for Professor Felix Weinberg, at the Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, 23 April 2008. Combustion Institute ( 英國 Section). [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2 October 2011）. 
  28. ^ Fitzgerald, Alexander. Walter Eric Spear - Obituary (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-20）. 
  29. ^ Professor Dixon awarded Rumford Medal. Bristol University. [2009-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  30. ^ Prof Grenville Turner FRS School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences. The University of Manchester. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-13）. 
  31. ^ NCL Innovation Park. National Chemical Laboratory. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  32. ^ Professor Wilson Sibbett FRS, CBE. The Royal Society. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  33. ^ Annual Report :Awards, Prizes and Appointments. University of Cambridge. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2003-04-30）. 
  34. ^ Bristol University - News from the University. Bristol University. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  35. ^ Prof Hansen Meeting. University of Cambridge. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
  36. ^ The Northern Echo: Prestigious awards for school's old boys. The Northern Echo. 4 November 2007 [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-24）. 
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=拉姆福德奖章&oldid=80550770」