法語動詞變化
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法語動詞變化(法語:Conjugaison du verbe en français),是指法語動詞為了表達不同的語式、時態、體、人稱和數而產生的形式變化。法語動詞可以分為三組:
- 第一組:不定式以-er(aller除外)
- 第二組:不定式以-ir結尾,現在分詞以-issant結尾
(以上兩組為規則動詞)
- 第三組:不規則動詞
- 第一部分:不定式以-ir結尾,現在分詞以-ant結尾
- 第二部分:不定式以-oir結尾
- 第三部分:不定式以-re結尾
- aller
法語第三組動詞具有封閉性,不再增加新的動詞,大部分新增動詞(如téléviser, atomiser, radiographier)列入第一組,少數新增動詞(如alunir)屬於第二組。
語氣和時態
法語變位中七種不同語氣:直陳式(indicatif),虛擬式(subjonctif),條件式(conditionnel),命令式(impératif),分詞(participe),不定式(infinitif),動名詞(gérondif)。
需要結合語氣描述的時態如下所示,時態有時需要藉助助動詞來表達:
- 直陳式
- 虛擬式
- 命令式
- 條件式
- 不定式
- 現在時[a]
- 過去時:使用依不定式現在時變位的助動詞。
- 分詞
- 動名詞:將現在分詞置於介係詞"en"之後構成。
助動詞
Avoir
該動詞在變位時詞幹會發生變化。未完成過去時變為av- /av/;虛擬式現在時變為ai- /ɛ/;將來時和條件式變為aur- /oʁ/;簡單和虛擬式過去時變為e- (不發音: eus,eusse分別讀成/y/和/ys/)。 儘管詞幹會改變,但這些時態的變化也常被歸類為規則的 -oir 動詞.
在現在時中,不僅詞幹會變化,時態變化也是不規則的:
直陳式 | 虛擬 | 條件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
現在時 | 簡單過去時 | 未完成過去時 | 簡單將來時 | 現在時 | 未完成過去時 | 現在時 | 現在時 | |
j' | ai /e/ | eus /y/ | avais /avɛ/ | aurai /oʁe/ | aie /ɛ/ | eusse /ys/ | aurais /oʁɛ/ | |
tu | as /a/ | auras /oʁa/ | aies /ɛ/ | eusses /ys/ | aie* /ɛ/ | |||
il/elle/on | a /a/ | eut /y/ | avait /avɛ/ | aura /oʁa/ | ait /ɛ/ | eût /y/ | aurait /oʁɛ/ | |
nous | avons /avɔ̃/ | eûmes /ym/ | avions /avjɔ̃/ | aurons /oʁɔ̃/ | ayons /ɛjɔ̃/ | eussions /ysjɔ̃/ | aurions /oʁjɔ̃/ | ayons* /ɛjɔ̃/ |
vous | avez /ave/ | eûtes /yt/ | aviez /avje/ | aurez /oʁe/ | ayez /ɛje/ | eussiez /ysje/ | auriez /oʁje/ | ayez* /ɛje/ |
ils/elles | ont /ɔ̃/ | eurent /yʁ/ | avaient /avɛ/ | auront /oʁɔ̃/ | aient /ɛ/ | eussent /ys/ | auraient /oʁɛ/ |
* 須注意命令式使用虛擬語氣變位。
非限定形式:
- 不定式:avoir /avwaʁ/
- 現在分詞:ayant /ejɑ̃/
- 動名詞:en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
- 動詞性形容詞:ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
- 過去分詞:eu(e)(s) /y/
助動詞:avoir
Être
該動詞在變位時詞幹會發生變化,讀音也有所不同:未完成過去時變為ét- /et/;虛擬式現在時變為soi- /swa/;將來時和條件式變為ser- /səʁ/;簡單和虛擬式過去時變為/f/。涉及時態變化的均為-oir詞尾的常規動詞(也就是說是-re形式動詞,但在f-形式下帶有元音u /y/)。例如,虛擬式soyons, soyez發音時帶有其他-re和-oir動詞的y音(/swajɔ̃, swaje/)。
在一般現在時中,不僅詞幹變化,詞綴也會發生不規則變化:
直陳式 | 虛擬式 | 條件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'現在時 | 簡單過去式 | 未完成過去時 | 簡單將來時 | 現在時 | 未完成過去時 | 現在時 | 現在時 | |
je | suis /sɥi/ | fus /fy/ | étais /etɛ/ | serai /səʁe/ | sois /swa/ | fusse /fys/ | serais /səʁɛ/ | |
tu | es /ɛ/ | seras /səʁa/ | fusses /fys/ | sois* /swa/ | ||||
il/elle/on | est /ɛ/ | fut /fy/ | était /etɛ/ | sera /səʁa/ | soit /swa/ | fût /fy/ | serait /səʁɛ/ | |
nous | sommes /sɔm/ | fûmes /fym/ | étions /etjɔ̃/ | serons /səʁɔ̃/ | soyons /swajɔ̃/ | fussions /fysjɔ̃/ | serions /səʁjɔ̃/ | soyons* /swajɔ̃/ |
vous | êtes /ɛt/ | fûtes /fyt/ | étiez /etje/ | serez /səʁe/ | soyez /swaje/ | fussiez /fysje/ | seriez /səʁje/ | soyez* /swaje/ |
ils/elles | sont /sɔ̃/ | furent /fyʁ/ | étaient /etɛ/ | seront /səʁɔ̃/ | soient /swa/ | fussent /fys/ | seraient /səʁɛ/ |
* 須注意命令式使用虛擬語氣變位。
非限定形式使用詞幹êt-/ɛt/(用在輔音之前)/ét- /et/(用在元音之前):
- 不定式:être
- 現在分詞:étant
- 動名詞:en étant
- 動詞性形容詞:étant(e)(s)
- 過去分詞:été
助動詞:avoir
第一組動詞 (以 -er 結尾的動詞)
以-er結尾的法語動詞占據法語動詞的大部分,並與其他動詞變化有所區別。許多情況下在詞根與屈折詞綴中間可能會插入母音,此組動詞中會插入不發音的 -e- (簡單現在時單數)、-é 或 -ai /e/ (過去分詞與簡單過去時的je)、以及 -a- /a/ (其餘過去簡單時以及虛擬式未完成過去時)。此外,正字法中-ir 與 -re 結尾動詞在現在時和過去分詞出現的-t 在此類動詞中不存在,因此詞綴的最後子音為 -Ø, -s, -Ø ,而非其他類動詞的 -s, -s, -t。
Parler
直陳式 | 虛擬式 | 條件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
現在時 | 簡單過去時 | 未完成過去時 | 簡單未來時 | 現在時 | 未完成過去時 | 現在時 | 現在時 | |
je | parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-ai /paʁle/ |
parl-ais /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-erai /paʁləʁe/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-asse /paʁlas/ |
parl-erais /paʁləʁɛ/ |
|
tu | parl-es /paʁl/ |
parl-as /paʁla/ |
parl-eras /paʁləʁa/ |
parl-es /paʁl/ |
parl-asses /paʁlas/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ | ||
il | parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-a /paʁla/ |
parl-ait /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-era /paʁləʁa/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-ât /paʁla/ |
parl-erait /paʁləʁɛ/ |
|
nous | parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ |
parl-âmes /paʁlɑm/ |
parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ |
parl-erons /paʁləʁɔ̃/ |
parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ |
parl-assions /paʁlasjɔ̃/ |
parl-erions /paʁləʁjɔ̃/ |
parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ |
vous | parl-ez /paʁle/ |
parl-âtes /paʁlɑt/ |
parl-iez /paʁlje/ |
parl-erez /paʁləʁe/ |
parl-iez /paʁlje/ |
parl-assiez /paʁlasje/ |
parl-eriez /paʁləʁje/ |
parl-ez /paʁle/ |
ils | parl-ent /paʁl/ |
parl-èrent /paʁlɛʁ/ |
parl-aient /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-eront /paʁləʁɔ̃/ |
parl-ent /paʁl/ |
parl-assent /paʁlas/ |
parl-eraient /paʁləʁɛ/ |
非限定動詞形式:
- 不定式:parl-er /paʁle/
- 現在分詞:parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
- 動名詞: en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
- 動詞性形容詞:parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
- 過去分詞: parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/
助動詞:avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 與 tomber 使用 être)
特殊情況:
- 直陳式或虛擬式第一人稱單數一般現在時採用倒裝形式時,其詞尾的e須變成é(一般用法)或è(現代修正用法),連接兩個詞,例如:« Parlè-je ? »(/paʁlɛʒ/),「我可以講話了嗎?」(不過這個結構非常少見)。
- 命令式第二人稱單數後跟賓語y或en飾,其詞尾須加s,例如:« Parles-en ! »([paʁlzɑ̃]),「講講!」
特殊動詞:
- 動詞aller儘管以-er結尾,但屬於第三組不規則動詞。
- 以-cer結尾的動詞,在a或o開頭詞尾前的c須變成ç,表示該詞仍發/s/音(je déplace - nous déplaçons);類似地,以-ger結尾的動詞,在類似的詞尾前的g須變成ge,表示該詞仍發/ʒ/音(je mange - nous mangeons)。
- 以-oyer和-uyer結尾的動詞,在啞音e開頭詞尾前的y須變成i(nous envoyons - j'envoie);在-ayer結尾的動詞中,類似詞尾前的y可選擇變成i(je paye - je paie)。另外,未來時和條件式的envoyer以enverr-開頭,而不是envoyer-,類似於renvoyer。
- 以-é.er結尾的動詞,啞音結尾前的é'變成è,未來時和條件式可變可不變。
- 其他大多數以-eler和-eter結尾的-e.er動詞,啞音e開頭詞尾前的e變成è(含未來時和條件式結尾)。例如:peler(剝皮)-> je pèle(現在時)/ je pèlerai(未來時)/ je pèlerais(條件式)。
- 大多數以-eler和-eter結尾的動詞,啞音e開頭詞尾前e變成è,或將l或t變成ll活tt。該形式的其他動詞僅允許存在一種或其他形式。例如:appeler(呼喚)-> j'appelle(現在時) / j'appellerai(未來時) / j'appellerais(條件式)。
- 下列動詞的形容詞形式的變化不規則:adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s)。
第二組動詞 (以 -ir 結尾的動詞 / 現在分詞以 -issant 結尾)
以-ir結尾動詞與-er結尾動詞有幾處不同:
- 元音均變為-i,例如過去時虛擬式為-isse,而非-er結尾動詞的-asse。
- 少數一般式動詞本身都會產生變化,儘管該詞完全是正字法,不會影響讀音:在一般現在時和過去時中,這些詞結尾變為-s、-s、-t,而非-
- A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
- In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.
choisir
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Simple Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | chois-is /ʃwazi/ |
chois-issais /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-irai /ʃwaziʁe/ |
chois-isse /ʃwazis/ |
chois-irais /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
|||
tu | chois-iras /ʃwaziʁa/ |
chois-isses /ʃwazis/ |
chois-is /ʃwazi/ | |||||
il | chois-it /ʃwazi/ |
chois-issait /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-ira /ʃwaziʁa/ |
chois-isse /ʃwazis/ |
chois-ît /ʃwazi/ |
chois-irait /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
||
nous | chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ |
chois-îmes /ʃwazim/ |
chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ |
chois-irons /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ |
chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ |
chois-irions /ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/ |
chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ | |
vous | chois-issez /ʃwazise/ |
chois-îtes /ʃwazit/ |
chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ |
chois-irez /ʃwaziʁe/ |
chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ |
chois-iriez /ʃwaziʁje/ |
chois-issez /ʃwazise/ | |
ils | chois-issent /ʃwazis/ |
chois-irent /ʃwaziʁ/ |
chois-issaient /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-iront /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ |
chois-issent /ʃwazis/ |
chois-iraient /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
非限定動詞形式:
- 不定式: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
- 現在分詞: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
- 動名詞: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
- 動詞性形容詞: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
- 過去分詞: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/
助動詞: avoir (用 partir 時助動詞使用 être)
- haïr
動詞 haïr 在現在簡單時的單數形式中繪失去分音符號 (i 去除了他的變音符號, 代表初始音節的發音是單個元音 /ɛ/ 而不是分開發音的 /ai/): 單數:je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait 複數:nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais 用於祈使句. 在其他形式中, 詞根是 /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-).
魁北克法語 使用另外一種變位規則。在魁北克法語中,在歐洲法語裡發音不同的兩種詞幹都發/ai/。因此所有形式都使用帶分音符的ï: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. 請注意, 魁北克法語裡haïr的 h 是不發音的, 所以魁北克法語裡 Je 省略為 j'haïs /ʒai/ 而歐洲法語使用 je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.
第三組動詞
First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.
Principal part | How to get the stem | "Inherited" (regular) value of stem |
---|---|---|
infinitive | Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re | — |
First singular present indicative | Remove ending -s, -e | Infinitive stem |
First plural present indicative | Remove ending -ons | Infinitive stem |
Third plural present indicative | Remove ending -ent | First plural present stem |
(First singular) future | Remove ending -ai | Full infinitive stem (minus any -e) |
(Masculine singular) past participle | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re) |
(First singular) simple past | Remove ending -s, -ai | Past participle (minus any -s or -t) |
The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | 3P+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | FUT+as | 3P+es | PAST+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) | ||||
il | 1S+t1 | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | 3P+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | 3P+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | |||||||
chois-ir | "to choose" | choisir-ai | choisi-s | choisiss-ons | choisiss-ent | choisi | choisi-s | How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts | About 300 verbs in -ir |
"haïr" | "to hate" | haïr-ai | hai-s / haï-s1 | haïss-ons | haïss-ent | haï | haï-s | The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out | |
vend-re | "to sell" | vendr-ai | vend-s, vend-s, vend2 | vend-ons | vend-ent | vendu | vendi-s | So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre | attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. |
craind-re | "to fear" | craindr-ai | crain-s | craign-ons | craign-ent | craint | craign-is | All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" | |
part-ir | "to leave" | partir-ai | par-s | part-ons | part-ent | parti | parti-s | Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ | se départir "divest", repartir" "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back" |
vêt-ir | "to dress" | vêtir-ai | vêt-s | vêt-ons | vêt-ent | vêtu | vêti-s | The same as partir, except for the past participle | dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover" |
requér-ir | "to require, demand" | requerr-ai | requier-s | requér-ons | requièr-ent | requis | requi-s | ||
ouvr-ir | "to open" | ouvrir-ai | ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e | ouvr-ons | ouvr-ent | ouvert | ouvri-s | Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | couvrir "cover", "découvrir" "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" |
condui-re | "to lead" | conduir-ai | condui-s | conduis-ons | conduis-ent | conduit | conduisi-s | All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc. | |
recev-oir | "to receive" | recevr-ai | reçoi-s | recev-ons | reçoiv-ent | reçu | reçu-s | Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint" | |
envoy-er | "to send" | enverr-ai | envoi-e3 | envoy-ons3 | envoi-ent3 | envoyé | envoy-ai | ||
voir | "to see" | verr-ai | voi-s | voy-ons | voi-ent3 | vu | vi-s | revoir "see again" | |
choir | "to fall" | choir-ai | choi-s | choy-ons | choi-ent3 | chu | chu-s | échoir "befall" | |
dev-oir | "to owe, must" | devr-ai | doi-s | dev-ons | doiv-ent | dû | du-s | Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged | |
mouv-oir | "to move" | mouvr-ai | meu-s | mouv-ons | meuv-ent | mû | mu-s | Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged | |
émouv-oir | "to move, affect" | émouvr-ai | émeu-s | émouv-ons | émeuv-ent | ému | ému-s | promouvoir "promote" | |
pleuv-oir | "to rain" | pleuvr-a | pleu-t | (stem pleuv-) | (stem pleuv-) | plu | plu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
asseoir | "to sit" | assiér-ai; assoir-ai | assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s | assey-ons; assoy-ons | assey-ent; assoi-ent | assis | assi-s | Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. | |
cueill-ir /kœjiʁ/ | "to gather" | cueiller-ai | cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e | cueill-ons | cueill-ent | cueilli | cueilli-s | Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | |
ven-ir | "to come" | viendr-ai | vien-s | ven-ons | vienn-ent | venu | vin-s | Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ | revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc. |
mour-ir | "to die" | mourr-ai | meur-s | mour-ons | meur-ent | mort | mouru-s | ||
cour-ir | "to run" | courr-ai | cour-s | cour-ons | cour-ent | couru | couru-s | ||
di-re | "to say, tell" | dir-ai | di-s | dis-ons, dites | dis-ent | dit | di-s | Note the 2nd pl. dites | contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid" |
li-re | "to read" | lir-ai | li-s | lis-ons | lis-ent | lu | lu-s | ||
écri-re | "to write" | écrir-ai | écri-s | écriv-ons | écriv-ent | écrit | écrivi-s | décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe" | |
ri-re | "to laugh" | rir-ai | ri-s | ri-ons | ri-ent | ri | ri-s | sourire "smile" | |
suffi-re | "to suffice" | suffir-ai | suffi-s | suffis-ons | suffis-ent | suffi | suffi-s | confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry" | |
boi-re | "to drink" | boir-ai | boi-s | buv-ons | boiv-ent | bu | bu-s | ||
croi-re | "to believe" | croir-ai | croi-s | croy-ons3 | croi-ent3 | cru | cru-s | ||
conclu-re | "to conclude" | conclur-ai | conclu-s | conclu-ons | conclu-ent | conclu | conclu-s | Other verbs in -clure | |
plai-re | "to please" | plair-ai | plai-s, plai-s, plaît | plais-ons | plais-ent | plu | plu-s | Note the 3rd sg. plaît | |
clo-re | "to close" | clor-ai | clo-s, clo-s, clôt | clos-ons | clos-ent | clos | (missing) | Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt | |
prend-re | "to take" | prendr-ai | prend-s, prend-s, prend2 | pren-ons | prenn-ent | pris | pri-s | comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. | |
viv-re | "to live" | vivr-ai | vi-s | viv-ons | viv-ent | vécu | vécu-s | revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive" | |
suiv-re | "to follow" | suivr-ai | sui-s | suiv-ons | suiv-ent | suivi | suivi-s | poursuivre "pursue" | |
naît-re | "to be born" | naîtr-ai | nai-s, nai-s, naît | naiss-ons | naiss-ent | né | naqui-s | Note the 3rd sg. naît | |
connaît-re | "to know" | connaîtr-ai | connai-s, connai-s, connaît | connaiss-ons | connaiss-ent | connu | connu-s | Note the 3rd sg. connaît | reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" |
mett-re | "to put" | mettr-ai | met-s, met-s, met2 | mett-ons | mett-ent | mis | mi-s | promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit" | |
batt-re | "to beat" | battr-ai | bat-s, bat-s, bat2 | batt-ons | batt-ent | battu | batti-s | Close to vendre | |
romp-re | "to break" | rompr-ai | romp-s | romp-ons | romp-ent | rompu | rompi-s | Very close to vendre | |
vainc-re | "to conquer" | vaincr-ai | vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc | vainqu-ons | vainqu-ent | vaincu | vainqui-s | Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation | convaincre "convince" |
trai-re | "to milk" | trair-ai | trai-s | tray-ons3 | trai-ent3 | trai-t | (missing) | contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" | |
coud-re | "to sew" | coudr-ai | coud-s, coud-s, coud2 | cous-ons | cous-ent | cousu | cousi-s | ||
moud-re | "to grind, mill" | moudr-ai | moud-s, moud-s, moud2 | moul-ons | moul-ent | moulu | moulu-s | ||
résoud-re | "to solve, resolve" | résoudr-ai | résou-s | résolv-ons | résolv-ent | résolu | résolu-s | ||
absoud-re | "to solve, absolve" | absoudr-ai | absou-s | absolv-ons | absolv-ent | absous | absolu-s | The same as résoudre, except for the past participle |
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ |
reçu-s /ʁəsy/ |
recev-ais /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-ai /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-sse /ʁəsys/ |
recevr-ais /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
tu | recevr-as /ʁəsəvʁa/ |
reçoiv-es /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-sses /ʁəsys/ |
reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ | ||||
il | reçoi-t /ʁəswa/ |
reçu-t /ʁəsy/ |
recev-ait /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-a /ʁəsəvʁa/ |
reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ |
reçû-t /ʁəsy/ |
recevr-ait /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
nous | recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
reçû-mes /ʁəsym/ |
recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
recevr-ons /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
reçu-ssions /ʁəsysjɔ̃/ |
recevr-ions /ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/ |
recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
vous | recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ |
reçû-tes /ʁəsyt/ |
recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ |
recevr-ez /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ |
reçu-ssiez /ʁəsysje/ |
recevr-iez /ʁəsəvʁije/ |
recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ |
ils | reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-rent /ʁəsyʁ/ |
recev-aient /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-ont /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-ssent /ʁəsys/ |
recevr-aient /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: recevoir
- Present participle: recevant
- Gerundive: en recevant
- Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
- Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Verbs with eleven principal parts
Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | SUBJ+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+as | SUBJ+es | PAST+sses | FUT+ais | (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e |
il | 1S+t | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | SUBJ+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | SUBJ+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Imperative | Present Participle | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | SUBJ:1st Sing | 1st Plur | |||||||||
pouv-oir | "to be able" | pourr-ai | peux/puis, peux, peut (puis是pouvoir舊的第一人稱直陳式現在時,現一般僅用於正式的倒裝疑問句) | pouv-ons | peuv-ent | puiss-e | follows subj. (puiss-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (pouv-ant) | pu | pu-s (reg.) | alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful" | |
sav-oir | "to know" | saur-ai | sai-s | sav-ons | sav-ent | sach-e | follows subj. (sach-ions) | follows subj. (sache, sachons, sachez) | follows subj. (sach-ant) | su | su-s | ||
voul-oir | "to want" | voudr-ai | veux, veux, veut | voul-ons | veul-ent | veuill-e | follows indic. (voul-ions) | follows subj. (veuille, veuillons, veuillez) | follows 1P (voul-ant) | voulu | voulu-s | ||
val-oir | "to be worth" | vaudr-ai | vaux, vaux, vaut | val-ons | val-ent | vaill-e | follows indic. (val-ions) | follows indic. (vaux, valons, valez) | follows 1P (val-ant) | valu | valu-s | ||
fall-oir | "to be necessary" | faudr-a | fau-t | (stem fall-) | – | faill-e | – | – | – | fall-u | fallu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
fai-re | "to do" | fer-ai | fai-s | fais-ons, faites | font | fass-e | follows subj. (fass-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (fais-ant) | fait | fi-s | 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) | défaire, refaire, satisfaire |
av-oir | "to have" | aur-ai | ai, as, a | av-ons | ont | ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent | ay-ons, ay-ez | follows subj. (aie, ayons, ayez) | follows subj. (ay-ant) | eu /y/ | eu-s | ||
êt-re | "to be" | ser-ai | suis, es, est | sommes, êtes; stem ét- | sont | soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent | soy-ons, soy-ez | follows subj. (sois, soyons, soyez) | follows 1P (ét-ant) | été | fu-s | ||
all-er | "to go" | ir-ai | vais/vas1, vas, va | all-ons | vont | aill-e | follows indic. (all-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (all-ant) | allé | all-ai | 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" | s'en aller "leave" |
Aller
The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | vais, vas1 /vɛ/, /va/ | allai /ale/ | allais /alɛ/ | irai /iʁe/ | aille /aj/ | allasse /alas/ | irais /iʁɛ/ | |
tu | vas /va/ | allas | allais | iras | ailles | allasses | irais | va |
il/elle/on | va /va/ | alla | allait | ira | aille | allât | irait | |
nous | allons /alɔ̃/ | allâmes | allions | irons | allions | allassions | irions | allons |
vous | allez /ale/ | allâtes | alliez | irez | alliez | allassiez | iriez | allez |
ils/elles | vont /vɔ̃/ | allèrent | allaient | iront | aillent | allassent | iraient |
The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:
- Infinitive: aller
- Present participle: allant
- Gerundive: en allant
- Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
- Past participle: allé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: être
1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.
三種類型動詞的詞尾變化
第一組 | 第二組 | 第三組 | 第一組 | 第二組 | 第三組 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicatif (Présent) | Subjonctif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | e1 | is | s (x3) | e5 | e | isse | e2.1 | ||
tu | es | es5 | es | isses | es2.1 | ||||
il | e | it | t (d,c4) | e5 | e | isse | e2.3 | ||
nous | ons | issons | ons2.1 | ons | ions | issions | ions | ||
vous | ez | issez | ez (es2.2) | ez | iez | issiez | iez | ||
ils | ent | issent | ent (nt2) | ent | ent | issent | ent | ||
Indicatif (Imparfait) | Subjonctif (Imparfait) | ||||||||
je | ais | issais | ais | asse | isse | isse6 | usse | ||
tu | asses | isses | isses6 | usses | |||||
il | ait | issait | ait | ât | ît | ît6 | ût | ||
nous | ions | issions | ions | assions | issions | issions6 | ussions | ||
vous | iez | issiez | iez | assiez | issiez | issiez6 | ussiez | ||
ils | aient | issaient | aient | assent | issent | issent6 | ussent | ||
Indicatif (Passé simple) | Impératif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | ai | is | is6 | us | |||||
tu | as | e | is | s | e5 | ||||
il | a | it | it6 | ut | |||||
nous | âmes | îmes | îmes6 | ûmes | ons | issons | ons | ons | |
vous | âtes | îtes | îtes6 | ûtes | ez | issez | ez | ez | |
ils | èrent | irent | irent6 | urent | |||||
Indicatif (Futur simple) | Conditionnel (Présent) | ||||||||
je | erai | irai | rai | erais | irais | rais | |||
tu | eras | iras | ras | ||||||
il | era | ira | ra | erait | irait | rait | |||
nous | erons | irons | rons | erions | irions | rions | |||
vous | erez | irez | rez | eriez | iriez | riez | |||
ils | eront | iront | ront | eraient | iraient | raient |
1. 在疑問句中,這個 e 會被寫成 é (傳統拼法) 或 è (修正拼法),並且發做半開母音 è [ɛ]。另外,je 的 e 會變成無聲。例如 je marche /ʒə.maʁʃ/ (我走); marchè-je? /maʁʃɛʒ/ (我走嗎?)
2. 這些動詞的結尾是 -ont: ils sont (他們是)、 ils ont (他們有)、 ils font (他們做)、 ils vont (他們去)。
2.1. 只有動詞 être 在這些地方會有例外: nous sommes (我們是)、 que je soi-s (~我是), que tu soi-s (~你是)。
2.2. 這些動詞與它們的派生詞的結尾是 -es: vous êtes (你們/您是)、 vous faites (你們/您做), vous dites (你們/您說)。
2.3. 只有動詞 être 和 avoir 的結尾有 t: qu'il/elle/on soi-t (~他/她/我們是)、 qu'il/elle/on ai-t (~他/她/我們有)。
3. 只有 je/tu peux (我/你能夠)、 je/tu veux (我/你想要) 和 je/tu vaux (我/你值得)。
4. 以 -dre 結尾的動詞在第三人稱單數時結尾為 d ,除了以 -indre 和 -soudre 結尾的動詞是以 t 結尾。動詞 vaincre (打敗)和 convaincre (說服) 第三人稱單數的結尾分別為 vainc 和 convainc。
5. 只有這些動詞是這樣變化的: assaillir (攻擊)、 couvrir (覆蓋)、 cueillir (採集)、 défaillir (昏厥)、 offrir (提供)、 ouvrir (開啟)、 souffrir (承受)、 tressaillir (顫抖),以及命令式的 avoir (有)、 savoir (知道)、 vouloir (想要)。
6. 例外有 je vins (我來到了)、 je tins (我拿了)等等,以及 que je vinsse (~我來)、 que je tinsse (~我拿)等等。
現代法語口語的第一人稱複數
第一人稱複數結尾 -ons 以及相應的主格代詞 nous (我們)在現代法語口語中十分少見。但受格的代詞 nous 仍然很常用。[1] 代詞 on 除了做為無人稱代詞之外,也普遍用以取代主格的 nous。例如, nous chantons (我們唱歌)在幾乎所有的口語中都可以被 on chante 取代,除非是特別謹慎的場合。這導致了法語一些動詞形式的消失。然而,動詞詞尾 -ons 仍然可以在命令式中見到: Chantons ! (我們唱歌吧!),而此句在某些情況下也可被 On chante ! 取代。
註解
參考資料
- ^ van Compernolle, Rémi A. Nous versus on: Pronouns with first-person plural reference in synchronous French chat. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2008, 11 (2): 85–110 [2017-04-05]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-04).
參見
參考文獻
- Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.
外部連結
- Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- WordReference - French conjugation (Beta) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Conjugation-FR - French conjugation (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- French verb practice at UT Austin (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)