鏑的同位素
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標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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鏑(原子量:162.500(1))的同位素中有7個是存在於自然界的穩定同位素,分別是156Dy、158Dy和160Dy至164Dy。自然同位素中豐度最高的是比例為28%的164Dy,緊接著的是比例為26%的162Dy。豐度最低的是比例為0.06%的156Dy。[3]
通過人工合成,科學家共發現了29種放射性同位素,其原子量在138和173之間。最穩定的是154Dy,其半衰期約為1.40×106年;接著是半衰期為144.4天的159Dy。最不穩定的是138Dy,其半衰期只有200毫秒。比穩定同位素輕的同位素主要進行β+衰變;除個別特例之外,更重的同位素主要進行β−衰變。154Dy主要進行α衰變,152Dy和159Dy則主要進行電子捕獲。[3]鏑擁有至少11種同核異構體(亞穩態),原子量在140和165之間。最穩定的是165mDy,其半衰期為1.257分鐘。149Dy有兩種亞穩態,第二種(149m2Dy)的半衰期只有28奈秒。[3]
164Dy是理論上最重的穩定同位素,任何更重的同位素,理論上都會進行α衰變,但是在鉛-208以下,絕大部分的同位素都尚未觀測到此衰變。[4]
圖表
符號 | Z | N | 同位素質量(u) [n 1][n 2] |
半衰期 [n 1][n 2] |
衰變 方式[5] |
衰變 產物 [n 3][n 4] |
原子核 自旋[n 1] |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率)[n 2] |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量[n 2] | |||||||||
138Dy | 66 | 72 | 137.96249(64)# | 200# ms | 0+ | ||||
139Dy | 66 | 73 | 138.95954(54)# | 600(200) ms | 7/2+# | ||||
140Dy | 66 | 74 | 139.95401(54)# | 700# ms | β+ | 140Tb | 0+ | ||
140mDy | 2166.1(5) keV | 7.0(5) µs | (8-) | ||||||
141Dy | 66 | 75 | 140.95135(32)# | 0.9(2) s | β+ | 141Tb | (9/2-) | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 140Gd | ||||||||
142Dy | 66 | 76 | 141.94637(39)# | 2.3(3) s | β+ (99.94%) | 142Tb | 0+ | ||
β+, p (.06%) | 141Gd | ||||||||
143Dy | 66 | 77 | 142.94383(21)# | 5.6(10) s | β+ | 143Tb | (1/2+) | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 142Gd | ||||||||
143mDy | 310.7(6) keV | 3.0(3) s | (11/2-) | ||||||
144Dy | 66 | 78 | 143.93925(3) | 9.1(4) s | β+ | 144Tb | 0+ | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 143Gd | ||||||||
145Dy | 66 | 79 | 144.93743(5) | 9.5(10) s | β+ | 145Tb | (1/2+) | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 144Gd | ||||||||
145mDy | 118.2(2) keV | 14.1(7) s | β+ | 145Tb | (11/2-) | ||||
146Dy | 66 | 80 | 145.932845(29) | 33.2(7) s | β+ | 146Tb | 0+ | ||
146mDy | 2935.7(6) keV | 150(20) ms | IT | 146Dy | (10+)# | ||||
147Dy | 66 | 81 | 146.931092(21) | 40(10) s | β+ (99.95%) | 147Tb | 1/2+ | ||
β+, p (.05%) | 146Tb | ||||||||
147m1Dy | 750.5(4) keV | 55(1) s | β+ (65%) | 147Tb | 11/2- | ||||
IT (35%) | 147Dy | ||||||||
147m2Dy | 3407.2(8) keV | 0.40(1) µs | (27/2-) | ||||||
148Dy | 66 | 82 | 147.927150(11) | 3.3(2) min | β+ | 148Tb | 0+ | ||
149Dy | 66 | 83 | 148.927305(9) | 4.20(14) min | β+ | 149Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
149mDy | 2661.1(4) keV | 490(15) ms | IT (99.3%) | 149Dy | (27/2-) | ||||
β+ (.7%) | 149Tb | ||||||||
150Dy | 66 | 84 | 149.925585(5) | 7.17(5) min | β+ (64%) | 150Tb | 0+ | ||
α (36%) | 146Gd | ||||||||
151Dy | 66 | 85 | 150.926185(4) | 17.9(3) min | β+ (94.4%) | 151Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
α (5.6%) | 147Gd | ||||||||
152Dy | 66 | 86 | 151.924718(6) | 2.38(2) h | ε (99.9%) | 152Tb | 0+ | ||
α (.1%) | 148Gd | ||||||||
153Dy | 66 | 87 | 152.925765(5) | 6.4(1) h | β+ (99.99%) | 153Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
α (.00939%) | 149Gd | ||||||||
154Dy | 66 | 88 | 153.924424(8) | 3.0(15)×106 a | α | 150Gd | 0+ | ||
155Dy | 66 | 89 | 154.925754(13) | 9.9(2) h | β+ | 155Tb | 3/2- | ||
155mDy | 234.33(3) keV | 6(1) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
156Dy | 66 | 90 | 155.924283(7) | 觀測上穩定[n 5] | 0+ | 5.6(3)×10−4 | |||
157Dy | 66 | 91 | 156.925466(7) | 8.14(4) h | β+ | 157Tb | 3/2- | ||
157m1Dy | 161.99(3) keV | 1.3(2) µs | 9/2+ | ||||||
157m2Dy | 199.38(7) keV | 21.6(16) ms | IT | 157Dy | 11/2- | ||||
158Dy | 66 | 92 | 157.924409(4) | 觀測上穩定[n 6] | 0+ | 9.5(3)×10−4 | |||
159Dy | 66 | 93 | 158.9257392(29) | 144.4(2) d | ε | 159Tb | 3/2- | ||
159mDy | 352.77(14) keV | 122(3) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
160Dy | 66 | 94 | 159.9251975(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 7] | 0+ | 0.02329(18) | |||
161Dy | 66 | 95 | 160.9269334(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 8] | 5/2+ | 0.18889(42) | |||
162Dy | 66 | 96 | 161.9267984(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 9] | 0+ | 0.25475(36) | |||
163Dy | 66 | 97 | 162.9287312(27) | 穩定[n 10][6] | 5/2- | 0.24896(42) | |||
164Dy | 66 | 98 | 163.9291748(27) | 穩定 | 0+ | 0.28260(54) | |||
165Dy | 66 | 99 | 164.9317033(27) | 2.334(1) h | β− | 165Ho | 7/2+ | ||
165mDy | 108.160(3) keV | 1.257(6) min | IT (97.76%) | 165Dy | 1/2- | ||||
β− (2.24%) | 165Ho | ||||||||
166Dy | 66 | 100 | 165.9328067(28) | 81.6(1) h | β− | 166Ho | 0+ | ||
167Dy | 66 | 101 | 166.93566(6) | 6.20(8) min | β− | 167Ho | (1/2-) | ||
168Dy | 66 | 102 | 167.93713(15) | 8.7(3) min | β− | 168Ho | 0+ | ||
169Dy | 66 | 103 | 168.94031(32) | 39(8) s | β− | 169Ho | (5/2-) | ||
170Dy | 66 | 104 | 169.94239(21)# | 30# s | β− | 170Ho | 0+ | ||
171Dy | 66 | 105 | 170.94620(32)# | 6# s | β− | 171Ho | 7/2-# | ||
172Dy | 66 | 106 | 171.94876(43)# | 3# s | β− | 172Ho | 0+ | ||
173Dy | 66 | 107 | 172.95300(54)# | 2# s | β− | 173Ho | 9/2+# |
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,僅為理論推測。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 用括號括起來的數據代表不確定性。
- ^ 穩定的衰變產物以粗體表示。
- ^ 半衰期超過5億年的衰變產物以粗斜體表示。
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 152Gd or β+β+ decay to 156Gd with a half-life over 1018 years
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 154Gd or β+β+ decay to 158Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 156Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 157Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 158Gd
- ^ Can undergo [[Beta_decay#Bound-state_β−_decay|bound-state β− decay]] to 163Ho with a half-life of 47 days when fully ionized
← | 同位素列表 | → |
鋱的同位素 | 鏑的同位素 | 鈥的同位素 |
參考文獻
- ^ Chiera, Nadine Mariel; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154. Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). 2022-05-28, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12684-6.
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V.I. Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays. Eur. Phys. J. A. August 2019, 55: 140. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2.
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-19).
- ^ M. Jung et al., Phys. Rev. Letts. 69, 2164 (1992) First observation of bound-state beta minus decay.
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
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