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阿布·貝克爾·拉齊

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阿布·貝克爾·拉齊
出生854 CE [1]
波斯雷伊[2]
逝世932或925 CE[2]
波斯雷伊
時代伊斯蘭黃金時代
地區伊斯蘭哲學
學派Persian science（英語：Persian science）, Islamic medicine（英語：Islamic medicine）
主要領域
化學, 醫學, 哲學
著名思想
Discovered alcohol (ethanol) in its pure form, the first to produce 酸 such as 硫酸, writing up limited or extensive notes on diseases such as 天花 and 水痘, a pioneer in 眼科學, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in 無機化合物 and 有機化學, also the author of several philosophical works

阿布·貝克爾·穆罕默德·扎卡里亞·拉齊（波斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى‎，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；865年—925年），波斯醫師、鍊金術師、化學家、哲學家。他博學多才，為早期醫學、化學、音樂和哲學領域做出很大貢獻。醫學方面，他發現天花與麻疹是兩種不同的疾病，並最早闡明了過敏和免疫的原理。化學上，他發現乙醇，並認為元素嬗變為金銀是可能的。他創立了完善的蒸餾和提取方法，並通過蒸餾綠礬（油）和石油，分別發現硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部書籍和文章，記載了他在各領域的探索。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science (ISBN 978-1-84614-161-4)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Iskandar, Albert. Al-Rāzī. Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures 2nd. Springer: 155–156. 2006. 

擴展閱讀

第一手文獻

拉齊所作

  • Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950 [2014-10-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-28）. 
  • See C. Brockelmann（英語：C. Brockelmann） for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
  • Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published. [來源請求]
  • Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978. 

他人所作

  • Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
  • Sa'id al-Andalusi（英語：Said Al-Andalusi）, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
  • Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
  • J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
  • Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
  • Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
  • Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
  • Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
  • Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
  • Ibn Khallikan（英語：Ibn Khallikan）, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
  • Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
  • Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
  • Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

第二手文獻

  • G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
  • Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
  • Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
  • Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
  • H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi（英語：Abdurrahman Badawi） in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
  • E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
  • S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
  • Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
  • Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
  • Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
  • Abdurrahman Badawi（英語：Abdurrahman Badawi）, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
  • Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
  • E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
  • M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
  • F. Wüstenfeld（英語：F. Wüstenfeld）, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
  • L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
  • H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
  • A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
  • Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
  • Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
  • Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9. 
  • M. M. Sharif（英語：M. M. Sharif）, A History of Muslim Philosophy
  • Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大學出版社, 61-94.(1992)
  • Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

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