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IBM 7090 console

The IBM 7090 is a second-generation 電晶體計算機 version of the earlier IBM 709（英語：IBM 709） vacuum tube 大型計算機 that was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 is the fourth member of the IBM 700/7000 series（英語：IBM 700/7000 series） scientific computers. The first 7090 installation was in December 1959.[1] In 1960, a typical system sold for $2.9 million (equivalent to $20 million in 2023) or could be rented for $63,500 a month (相當於2020年的$434,000).

The 7090 uses a 36-bit（英語：36-bit） 字 (計算機), with an address space of 32,768 words (15-bit addresses). It operates with a basic memory cycle of 2.18 μs, using the IBM 7302（英語：IBM 7302） Core Storage 磁芯記憶體 technology from the IBM 7030（英語：IBM 7030） (Stretch) project.

With a processing speed of around 100 每秒浮點運算次數,[2] the 7090 is six times faster than the 709, and could be rented for half the price.[3] An upgraded version, the 7094 was up to twice as fast. It was withdrawn from sale on July 14, 1969, but systems remained in service for more than a decade after.[4]

Development and naming

Although the 709 was a superior machine to its predecessor, the 704, it was being built and sold at the time that transistor circuitry was supplanting vacuum tube circuits. Hence, IBM redeployed its 709 engineering group to the design of a transistorized successor. That project became called the 709-T (for transistorized), which because of the sound when spoken, quickly shifted to the nomenclature 7090 (i.e., seven - oh - ninety). Similarly, the related machines such as the 7070 and other 7000 series equipment were sometimes called by names of digit - digit - decade (e.g., seven - oh - seventy).[來源請求]

IBM 7094

IBM 7094 operator's console showing additional index register displays in a distinctive extra box on top. Note "Multiple Tag Mode" light in the top center.

An upgraded version, the IBM 7094, was first installed in September 1962. It has seven index register（英語：index register）s, instead of three on the earlier machines. The 7094 console has a distinctive box on top that displays lights for the four new index registers.[5] The 7094 introduced double-precision floating point and additional 指令集架構, but is largely 向下兼容 with the 7090. Although the 7094 has 4 more index registers than the 709 and 7090, at power-on time it is in multiple tag mode,[6]:8 compatible with the 709 and 7090, and requires a Leave Multiple Tag Mode[6]:56 instruction in order to enter seven index register mode and use all 7 index registers. In multiple tag mode, when more than one bit is set in the tag field, the contents of the two or three selected index registers are logically 位操作, not 二進制, together, before the decrement takes place. In seven index register mode, if the three-bit tag field is not zero, it selects just one of seven index registers, however, the program can return to multiple tag mode with the instruction Enter Multiple Tag Mode,[6]:55 restoring 7090 compatibility.

In April 1964, the first 7094 II was installed, which had almost twice as much general speed as the 7094 due to a faster 定時器訊號, dual memory banks and improved overlap of instruction execution, an early instance of 指令管線化 design.[7]

IBM 7040/7044

主條目：IBM 7040

In 1963, IBM introduced two new, lower cost machines called the IBM 7040（英語：IBM 7040） and 7044. They have a 36-bit architecture based on the 7090, but with some instructions omitted or optional, and simplified input/output that allows the use of more modern, higher performance peripherals from the IBM 1400 series（英語：IBM 1400 series）.

7094/7044 Direct Coupled System

The 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System (DCS) was initially developed by an IBM customer, the Aerospace Corporation（英語：Aerospace Corporation）, seeking greater cost efficiency and scheduling flexibility than IBM's IBSYS tape operating system provided. DCS used a less expensive IBM 7044 to handle I/O (I/O) with the 7094 performing mostly computation. Aerospace developed the Direct Couple operating system, an extension to IBSYS, which was shared with other IBM customers. IBM later introduced the DCS as a product.[8][9]

Transistors and circuitry

The 7090 used more than 50,000 germanium alloy-junction transistors（英語：alloy-junction transistor） and (faster) germanium diffused junction[10] drift transistors（英語：drift-field transistor）.[11]

The 7090 used the Standard Modular System（英語：IBM Standard Modular System） (SMS) cards using current-mode logic（英語：current-mode logic）[12] some using diffused junction drift transistors.[10]

Instruction and data formats

The basic instruction format were the same as the IBM 709（英語：IBM 709）:

  • A three-bit opcode (prefix), 15-bit decrement (D), three-bit tag (T), and 15-bit address (Y)
  • A twelve-bit opcode, two-bit flag (F), four unused bits, three-bit tag (T), and 15-bit address (Y)
  • Variations of the above with different allocation of bits 12-17 or different allocations of bits 18-35

The documentation of opcodes used signed octal The flag field indicated whether to use indirect addressing or not. The decrement field often contained an immediate operand to modify the results of the operation, or was used to further define the instruction type. The tag field might describe an index register to be operated on, or be used as described below. The Y field might contain an address, an immediate operand or an opcode modifier. For instructions where the tag field indicated indexing, the operation was

T=0
use Y
7090
form the logical or of the selected index registers and subtract from Y
7094 in multiple tag mode (power-on default)
same as 7090
7094 in seven index register mode
subtract the index register from Y

If there was no F field or F is not all one bits, then the above was the effective address. Otherwise it was an indirect effective address; i.e., fetch the word at that location and treat the T and Y fields as described above.

Data formats are

  • 定點數運算 numbers were stored in binary 有符號數處理.
  • 單精度浮點數 浮點數 numbers had a magnitude sign, an eight-bit excess-128 exponent and a 27-bit magnitude (numbers were binary, rather than the hexadecimal format introduced later for IBM System/360)
  • 雙精度浮點數 floating-point numbers, introduced on the 7094, had a magnitude sign, an eight-bit excess-128 exponent, and a 54-bit magnitude. The double-precision number was stored in memory in an even-odd pair of consecutive words; the sign and exponent in the second word were ignored when the number was used as an operand.
  • Alphanumeric characters were six-bit BCD（英語：BCD (character encoding)）, packed six to a word.

八進制 notation was used in documentation and programming; console displays lights and switches were grouped into three-bit fields for easy conversion to and from octal.

Input/output

IBM 7090 operator's console at the NASA Ames Research Center（英語：Ames Research Center） in 1961, with two banks of IBM 729 magnetic tape drives. The card reader is in front of the man and woman at right.

The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern 直接記憶體存取 I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten IBM 729（英語：IBM 729） tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for the time. Printing and 打孔卡 I/O, however, employed the same modified unit record equipment（英語：unit record equipment） introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive IBM 1401（英語：IBM 1401） computer to read cards onto 磁帶 for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably the IBM 1403（英語：IBM 1403） line printer.

Later IBM introduced the 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System（英語：7094/7044 Direct Coupled System）; the 7044 handled 假脫機 between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS.

Software

The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had a wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization, SHARE（英語：SHARE (computing)）.

IBSYS（英語：IBM 7090/94 IBSYS） is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them Fortran, COBOL, SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others.

FMS, the Fortran Monitor System（英語：Fortran Monitor System）, was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, (FORTRAN Assembly Program（英語：IBM 700/7000 series）), was somewhat less complete than MAP, but provided excellent capabilities for the era. FMS also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the FORTRAN compiler originally written for the 704 by Backus and his team.

Notable applications

Dual 7090s at NASA during 水星計劃.

In the media

  • A 7090/1401 installation is featured in the motion picture 奇愛博士, with the 1403 printer（英語：IBM 1403） playing a pivotal role in the plot
  • An IBM 7090 is featured in the 2016 American biographical film 隱藏人物.
  • IBM 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film 黑洞表面.

See also

References

  1. ^ IBM states "the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959" at 7090 Data Processing System
  2. ^ Performance of future high-end computers by David Bailey Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report[永久失效連結]
  3. ^ Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. IBM's 360 and early 370 systems需要免費註冊. MIT Press. 1991: 36. ISBN 0-262-16123-0. 
  4. ^ IBM 7094 Data Processing System, IBM fact sheet 1962, IBM archives
  5. ^ The IBM 7094. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 IBM 7094 Principles of Operation (PDF). IBM. October 21, 1966. A22-6703-4. 
  7. ^ IBM 7094 Model II Data Processing System (PDF). IBM. A22-6760. 
  8. ^ Patrick, Robert L.; Van Vranken, Richard K. The Direct Couple for the IBM 7090. Software Preservation Group, 計算機歷史博物館. February 2009. 
  9. ^ E. C. Smith. A directly coupled multiprocessing system. IBM Systems Journal. September–December 1963, 2 (3): 218–229. doi:10.1147/sj.23.0218. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 SMS DBZV: Two-Way AND, Type B
  11. ^ 7090 Data Processing System
  12. ^ SMS AA: Two-Way AND (current mode)
  13. ^ The IBM 7094 and CTSS Also contains links to many original CTSS documents
  14. ^ Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas. The maths that made Voyager possible. 英國廣播公司新聞. 23 October 2012. 
  15. ^ Morton, Peter. Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1989. ISBN 0644475005. 
  16. ^ Morton, Peter. Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980 (PDF Digitised 2017). Canberra: AGPS Press. 1989. ISBN 0-6481804-0-9. 
  17. ^ Shanks, D.; Wrench Jr., J. W. Calculation of π to 100,000 decimals. Mathematics of Computation (American Mathematical Society). 1962, 16 (77): 76–99. JSTOR 2003813. doi:10.2307/2003813. .
  18. ^ Mercer, R. J. Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program. Defense Technical Information Center. 1964. 
  19. ^ Mathews, T. Jay. Operation Match. The Harvard Crimson. November 3, 1965 [July 22, 2020]. 
  20. ^ Roger N. Shepard. Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. December 1964, 36 (12): 2346–53. Bibcode:1964ASAJ...36.2346S. doi:10.1121/1.1919362. 

Further reading

紀錄
前任者：
AN/FSQ-7（英語：AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central） 		大型計算機
1960 		繼任者：
UNIVAC LARC（英語：UNIVAC LARC）
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Yining_Chen/沙盒/Page0&oldid=74777978」