劍橋—蕯莫維青少年研究
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劍橋—蕯莫維青少年研究(英語:Cambridge Somerville Youth Study),是犯罪学史上第一个大规模随机实验。 [1] 1936年,波士顿医生Richard Cabot博士安排下,提出一项实验评估早期干预在预防或降低青少年犯罪方面的效果。1939年,Edwin Powers和Helen Witmer發起該實驗。[2][3]
計畫
這項研究中,506名5至13岁、住在马萨诸塞州东部的青少年收容设施中的男孩,受選并分配到實驗组,或对照组。實驗组會獲配一名辅导员,接受学業辅导、生理医疗及心理輔導,參加基督教青年会、童子军、夏令营和社区活動。对照组則定期报告狀況。[2][4][5]
研究
在一開始與十年的随访,兩者間沒有差异,或負相關的比例占多數。[2] 在最初的实验30年后,瓊‧麥科德透過公共紀錄與調查追蹤約九成五的参与者。 [5] [6]
麥科德的报告指出:在官方或非官方记录衡量下,該計畫没有影响青少年逮捕率。该计划也没有影响其成年後的逮捕率。實驗组在严重犯罪数量、首次犯罪年龄、首次重大犯罪的年龄或未实施重大犯罪后的年龄等方面没有差异。与对照组相比,實驗组中有更大比例继续犯下更多罪行。 [5]
進一步的结论
1981年,根据收集的《劍橋—蕯莫維青少年研究》参与者的新数据,麦科德发表了新的研究成果。与对照组相比,實驗组有下列行為的比例显着增加:
- 酗酒
- 严重心理健康疾患
- 患有压力相关的疾病,特別是心脏方面的疾病
- 从事低成就的工作
- 对蓝领工作的满意度较低
麦科德提出了四个假设,解釋为什么计划对實驗组产生破坏性後果:
- 辅导员将中产阶级价值观强加给底层阶级青年,而这無助於實驗組青少年。
- 實驗组的男孩变得依赖辅导员,而当計畫结束时,男孩失去了帮助的来源
- 實驗组有标签效应
- 辅导员的帮助增加了實驗组男孩無法持續的期待,导致計畫結束后的幻想破灭。[3][5][7]
参考
- ^ Hayward, Keith; Maruna, Shadd; Mooney, Jayne. Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology. 2009-12-04. ISBN 978-1135265397.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cabot, P.S. deQ. A Long-Term Study of Children: The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. Child Development. June 1940, 11 (2): 143–151. JSTOR 1125845. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1940.tb04293.x.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Crime And Family: Joan McCord; Vol. 17 No. 11 (November, 2007) pp.846-850. [2022-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-18).
- ^ Powers, Edwin. An experiment in the prevention of delinquency. NY: Columbia University Press. 1951.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 McCord, Joan. A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects. Temple University Press (original published by American Psychological Association in American Psychologist). 2007 [1978] [January 13, 2013]. ISBN 9781592135585.
- ^ Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. ChildTrends. [January 14, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-31).
- ^ Powers, E. An experiment in the prevention of delinquency. NY: Columbia University Press. 1951.
进一步阅读
- Gazzaniga, Michael S. Nature's Mind : the biological roots of thinking, emotions, sexuality, language and intelligence. New York: BasicBooks. 1992: 192–193. ISBN 0465048633.
- McCord, Joan. Geoffrey Sayre-McCord , 编. Crime and Family : selected essays of Joan McCord. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 2007 [2022-10-06]. ISBN 9781592135585. (原始内容存档于2012-09-18).
- McShane, Marilyn D. (编). Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2003. ISBN 0761923586. doi:10.4135/9781412950640.
- Powers, Edwin; Witmer, Helen; Allport, Gordon W. An Experiment in the Prevention of Delinquency: The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. New York: Columbia University Press. 1951 [2022-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).; (@:ResearchGate (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)), PDF (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Wright, Kevin N.; Wright, Karen E. A Policy Maker's Guide to Controlling Delinquency and Crime Through Family Interventions (PDF). Justice Quarterly (Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences). June 1994, 11 (2): 189–206 [2013-01-22]. doi:10.1080/07418829400092221. OJP-91-C-006. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-16).
- Glueck, Sheldon; Eleanor Glueck. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency (eBook). Harvard Law School studies in criminology. New York: Commonwealth Fund, ©1951. 1951. OCLC 297983472. 1 online resource (xv, 399 p.).
- http://freakonomics.com/podcast/when-helping-hurts/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Healy, William, and Augusta Fox Bronner. 1969. NEW LIGHT ON DELINQUENCY AND ITS TREATMENT : RESULTS OF A RESEARCH CONDUCTED FOR THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RELATIONS, YALE UNIVERSITY. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Manheim, Hermann (ed). 1960. PIONEERS IN CRIMINOLOGY. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.