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火枪

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记载于《火龍经》上的火枪形象,14世纪末(1360-1375

火枪是一种中国古代的火器,最早出现于公元10-12世纪。火枪是所有现代火药类武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金战争期间发挥了巨大作用。它最初是一种附在长柄武器(即“”)上的小型烟火式装置,用于在近战开始时获得冲击优势[2]。随着火药的改进爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或弹丸等也被添加,使其具有现代火焰喷射器以及霰弹枪组合的一些效果,但射程非常短(约3米或10英尺),而且只有一发子弹(一些设计可击发两次)。至13世纪末期,火枪的枪管已转变为金属材料,以更好地承受爆炸冲击波,并且枪头的尖刺设计被放弃,转而成为仅依靠火药击发完成攻击的纯火器。这些武器日后演变为了最早的手铳[3]

名称

根据使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差异方面,火枪在当时有着包括“突火槍”、“梨花槍”、“火門槍”、“槍砲”等不同的名称。此外,因为現代汉语里的小型火器亦以“枪”一词通称,“火枪”一词在現代汉语里既可以表示步枪时代以前的早期火器(特别是鸟铳等),也可以用于指代后来所有的近现代枪支,在这种场合下一般将前者替称为“火矛槍”以作区分。

设计

最早出现的火枪由一根通常是竹子的管子组成,里面装有火药和一根慢火柴,绑在长矛或其他长柄武器上。 一旦点燃,火药管就会向矛头方向喷射出一股火焰。 后来将铁丸或陶器碎片等射弹添加到火药中。 发射时,火药装药将弹丸与火焰一起喷射出来[4]

金属火枪管出现在13世纪中叶左右,并且不再捆绑于枪上,开始独立于长枪本身而使用。独立出来的金属炮管被称为“eruptor”,成为手铳的前身[4]

在欧洲,以木管制造的火枪版本曾被使用[5]

图集

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Andrade 2016,第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016,第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016,第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016,第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

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外部链接

  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆