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User:Matt8830/沙盒/一般工作區06

维基百科，自由的百科全书
Inside the Robert-Bourassa generating station, in northern Quebec, the world's largest underground power station, with an installed capacity of 5,616 MW.

地下發電廠（英語：underground power station）為各種水力發電廠中，依照廠房形式所歸納出的類型，地下發電廠是相反於一班建於地表上，可以直接看到廠房建築的發電廠，其透過將山壁內的岩石鑿空後，形成巨大的地下廠房，在於廠房內安裝水輪發電機。而地下發電廠的結構上，大致可分有裝機大廳、壓力鋼管隧道，以及吸出管（尾水管）隧道等。

通常，要興建地下發電廠會有一個或多個因素必須考量，包括水壩周圍的地質與地形結構狀況，因為如果水壩是興建在峽谷地形上，其根本沒有多餘的空地能夠興建水力發電廠。並且，藏在岩盤中地下發電廠，其興建成本上也比因為地質結構差，需要地質改良的地面式發電廠來的更低。在高冷地區，容易發生雪崩的山谷也是不可能興建地面式發電廠的考量之一。[1]經過第二次世界大戰後，許多國家考量到遭空襲的安全問題，也會選擇將較大型的水力發電廠興建成地下發電廠以策安全。[2]

大多數的抽蓄水力發電廠，也常會選擇興建成地下發電廠，抽蓄水力發電廠主要用於供電網路中，負載的平衡。當用電離峰期間，抽蓄水力發電廠會將下池的湖水抽上上池，藉此消耗過多的電力，而用電尖峰期間（通常是當電價高時），則將上池的湖水放下，利用此位能進行水力發電。

地下發電廠類型

一般狀況下，地下水力發電廠可透過其廠房的結構，再細分出兩種類型，分別是圓筒型以及蘑菇型，圓筒型地下水力發電廠顧名思義，從結構上來看就如一座圓筒般，而穹頂部分，則會設計曾半圓形穹頂以將上方岩盤壓力向外擴散，通常圓筒型的地下水力發電廠常用於僅安裝一部水輪發電機時。

蘑菇型地下水力發電廠常用於安裝兩部以上的水輪發電組，其廠房側面斷面上，為一長方形

著名的案例

以下列出世界上較著名的地下水力發電廠：

  • Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant in King County, Washington, United States, built in two stages, Plant 1, completed in 1899 was the world's first completely underground power station and is still used to provide power to the Seattle area. The two power houses have a combined installed capacity of 53.9 MW.[3]
  • Chaira Hydro Power Plant, Bulgaria, is the largest underground power station in the Balkans, built from 1980 to 1998. It has an installed capacity of 864 MW from four 216 MW reversible Francis turbines with a net rated head of 2,300英尺（701米）, and maximal speed of 600 rpm.
  • Churchill Falls Generating Station, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada is the second largest underground power station in the world. It generates 5,428 MW from 11 turbines. The powerhouse is 761英尺（232米） long, 148英尺（45米） high, 62英尺（19米） wide and located 1,080英尺（330米） underground. The two tailrace tunnels are 1691.64 m long. The net head is 312.42 m.
  • Cruachan Dam, United Kingdom, built in the early 1960s, a pumped storage plant generating 440 MW from 4 turbines.
  • Dinorwig Power Station, Llanberis, United Kingdom, built in 1984, is a pumped-storage system, delivering 1,650 MW to Wales and the north-west of England. It stands in Europe's largest man-made cavern.
  • Edward Hyatt Power Plant inside the Oroville Dam, United States, is in a cavern carved into the bedrock of the Feather River canyon. It houses 3 Generator and 3 Pump/Generator units and their respective Transformers 650英尺（200米） below the crest of the dam.
  • Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station, in Thuringia, Germany, built in 1991-2004, generates 1,060 MW from 4 turbines. It is unique (for its scale) in Europe, in that two of the four motor generators are designed as variable speed asynchronous machines. The machine hall is 482英尺（147米） long, 161英尺（49米）high, 52英尺（16米） wide, with a separate transformer cavern (390英尺（120米） long, 49英尺（15米）high, 52英尺（16米） wide).
  • Kannagawa Hydropower Plant is under construction in Japan. When completed, it will be the world's largest pumped storage plant, generating 2,700 MW. The power house is 709英尺（216米） long, 108英尺（33米） wide, 171英尺（52米） high. The effective head is 2,343英尺（714米） The first unit commenced operations in 2005, the second in 2012.[4]
  • Kariba hydro-electric power scheme (1,200 MW) is on the Zambezi river, which forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia. The Kariba system comprises two underground power stations. The Kariba South station in Zimbabwe houses six 100 MW generators. The Kariba North station in Zambia houses four 150 MW generators.
  • Kazunogawa Power Station is a 1,200 MW underground pumped storage plant in Japan. Kazunogawa consists of four 400 MW generation units. The cavern for the underground power station is 1,600英尺（500米） below the surface. It is 690英尺（210米） long by 177英尺（54米） high and 112英尺（34米） wide. The head is 2,343英尺（714米）.
  • Manapouri Power Station, Fiordland, New Zealand, built 1963-1972, generates 850 MW from 7 turbines. It is built 660英尺（200米） underground, and has two 10 km tailrace tunnels. The net head is 560英尺（170米）. The most notable feature of this station is that the lake and power station are located on the eastern side of the Southern Alps, with the tailrace tunnels traveling under a major mountain range, discharging in Doubtful Sound on the west coast.
  • Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex, Brazil; The combined 4,279.6 Paulo Afonso I, II and III were built underground. Completed in 1955, PA I was Brazil's first underground power station.[5]
  • Poatina Hydroelectric Power Station, Tasmania, Australia, built in 1966-1977 it generates 300 MW with water provided by the Great Lakes, it is the largest underground power station in Australia.
  • Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States, built in 1970-1978 generates 1,530 MW. It is an early test of the pumped-storage approach.
  • Robert-Bourassa generating station, Quebec, Canada is the largest underground power station in the world. It generates 5,616 MW from 16 turbines with a net rated head of 450英尺（137.2米）.

參見

資料來源

  1. ^ A K Raja, Amit Prakash Shriwastava, Manish Dwivedi. Power Plant Engineering. Digital Designs. : 358–359 [25 January 2015]. 
  2. ^ Dandekar, M. M.; Sharma, K. N. Water power engineering. Noida: Vikas Publishing House. 2010: 381 [25 January 2015]. ISBN 0706986369. 
  3. ^ Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Project. Puget Sound Energy. [23 January 2015]. 
  4. ^ Kazunogawa Hydroelectric Power Plant, Japan. Power-Technology. [14 August 2011]. 
  5. ^ Muccini, Sandra. UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO À HISTORIOGRAFIA DE BASE LOCAL E (PDF). Rios Eletrônica – Revista Científica da FASETE. August 2007, 1 (1) （Portuguese）. 
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