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用户:Matt8830/沙盒/一般工作区06

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Inside the Robert-Bourassa generating station, in northern Quebec, the world's largest underground power station, with an installed capacity of 5,616 MW.

地下发电厂（英语：underground power station）为各种水力发电厂中，依照厂房形式所归纳出的类型，地下发电厂是相反于一班建于地表上，可以直接看到厂房建筑的发电厂，其透过将山壁内的岩石凿空后，形成巨大的地下厂房，在于厂房内安装水轮发电机。而地下发电厂的结构上，大致可分有装机大厅、压力钢管隧道，以及吸出管（尾水管）隧道等。

通常，要兴建地下发电厂会有一个或多个因素必须考量，包括水坝周围的地质与地形结构状况，因为如果水坝是兴建在峡谷地形上，其根本没有多馀的空地能够兴建水力发电厂。并且，藏在岩盘中地下发电厂，其兴建成本上也比因为地质结构差，需要地质改良的地面式发电厂来的更低。在高冷地区，容易发生雪崩的山谷也是不可能兴建地面式发电厂的考量之一。[1]经过第二次世界大战后，许多国家考量到遭空袭的安全问题，也会选择将较大型的水力发电厂兴建成地下发电厂以策安全。[2]

大多数的抽蓄水力发电厂，也常会选择兴建成地下发电厂，抽蓄水力发电厂主要用于供电网路中，负载的平衡。当用电离峰期间，抽蓄水力发电厂会将下池的湖水抽上上池，借此消耗过多的电力，而用电尖峰期间（通常是当电价高时），则将上池的湖水放下，利用此位能进行水力发电。

地下发电厂类型

一般状况下，地下水力发电厂可透过其厂房的结构，再细分出两种类型，分别是圆筒型以及蘑菇型，圆筒型地下水力发电厂顾名思义，从结构上来看就如一座圆筒般，而穹顶部分，则会设计曾半圆形穹顶以将上方岩盘压力向外扩散，通常圆筒型的地下水力发电厂常用于仅安装一部水轮发电机时。

蘑菇型地下水力发电厂常用于安装两部以上的水轮发电组，其厂房侧面断面上，为一长方形

著名的案例

以下列出世界上较著名的地下水力发电厂：

  • Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant in King County, Washington, United States, built in two stages, Plant 1, completed in 1899 was the world's first completely underground power station and is still used to provide power to the Seattle area. The two power houses have a combined installed capacity of 53.9 MW.[3]
  • Chaira Hydro Power Plant, Bulgaria, is the largest underground power station in the Balkans, built from 1980 to 1998. It has an installed capacity of 864 MW from four 216 MW reversible Francis turbines with a net rated head of 2,300英尺（701米）, and maximal speed of 600 rpm.
  • Churchill Falls Generating Station, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada is the second largest underground power station in the world. It generates 5,428 MW from 11 turbines. The powerhouse is 761英尺（232米） long, 148英尺（45米） high, 62英尺（19米） wide and located 1,080英尺（330米） underground. The two tailrace tunnels are 1691.64 m long. The net head is 312.42 m.
  • Cruachan Dam, United Kingdom, built in the early 1960s, a pumped storage plant generating 440 MW from 4 turbines.
  • Dinorwig Power Station, Llanberis, United Kingdom, built in 1984, is a pumped-storage system, delivering 1,650 MW to Wales and the north-west of England. It stands in Europe's largest man-made cavern.
  • Edward Hyatt Power Plant inside the Oroville Dam, United States, is in a cavern carved into the bedrock of the Feather River canyon. It houses 3 Generator and 3 Pump/Generator units and their respective Transformers 650英尺（200米） below the crest of the dam.
  • Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station, in Thuringia, Germany, built in 1991-2004, generates 1,060 MW from 4 turbines. It is unique (for its scale) in Europe, in that two of the four motor generators are designed as variable speed asynchronous machines. The machine hall is 482英尺（147米） long, 161英尺（49米）high, 52英尺（16米） wide, with a separate transformer cavern (390英尺（120米） long, 49英尺（15米）high, 52英尺（16米） wide).
  • Kannagawa Hydropower Plant is under construction in Japan. When completed, it will be the world's largest pumped storage plant, generating 2,700 MW. The power house is 709英尺（216米） long, 108英尺（33米） wide, 171英尺（52米） high. The effective head is 2,343英尺（714米） The first unit commenced operations in 2005, the second in 2012.[4]
  • Kariba hydro-electric power scheme (1,200 MW) is on the Zambezi river, which forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia. The Kariba system comprises two underground power stations. The Kariba South station in Zimbabwe houses six 100 MW generators. The Kariba North station in Zambia houses four 150 MW generators.
  • Kazunogawa Power Station is a 1,200 MW underground pumped storage plant in Japan. Kazunogawa consists of four 400 MW generation units. The cavern for the underground power station is 1,600英尺（500米） below the surface. It is 690英尺（210米） long by 177英尺（54米） high and 112英尺（34米） wide. The head is 2,343英尺（714米）.
  • Manapouri Power Station, Fiordland, New Zealand, built 1963-1972, generates 850 MW from 7 turbines. It is built 660英尺（200米） underground, and has two 10 km tailrace tunnels. The net head is 560英尺（170米）. The most notable feature of this station is that the lake and power station are located on the eastern side of the Southern Alps, with the tailrace tunnels traveling under a major mountain range, discharging in Doubtful Sound on the west coast.
  • Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex, Brazil; The combined 4,279.6 Paulo Afonso I, II and III were built underground. Completed in 1955, PA I was Brazil's first underground power station.[5]
  • Poatina Hydroelectric Power Station, Tasmania, Australia, built in 1966-1977 it generates 300 MW with water provided by the Great Lakes, it is the largest underground power station in Australia.
  • Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States, built in 1970-1978 generates 1,530 MW. It is an early test of the pumped-storage approach.
  • Robert-Bourassa generating station, Quebec, Canada is the largest underground power station in the world. It generates 5,616 MW from 16 turbines with a net rated head of 450英尺（137.2米）.

参见

资料来源

  1. ^ A K Raja, Amit Prakash Shriwastava, Manish Dwivedi. Power Plant Engineering. Digital Designs. : 358–359 [25 January 2015]. 
  2. ^ Dandekar, M. M.; Sharma, K. N. Water power engineering. Noida: Vikas Publishing House. 2010: 381 [25 January 2015]. ISBN 0706986369. 
  3. ^ Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Project. Puget Sound Energy. [23 January 2015]. 
  4. ^ Kazunogawa Hydroelectric Power Plant, Japan. Power-Technology. [14 August 2011]. 
  5. ^ Muccini, Sandra. UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO À HISTORIOGRAFIA DE BASE LOCAL E (PDF). Rios Eletrônica – Revista Científica da FASETE. August 2007, 1 (1) （Portuguese）. 
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