低功能自閉症
低功能自閉症 | |
---|---|
症狀 | 缺乏社交,極度的交流障礙,重複性行為,自我傷害,嚴重智能障礙 |
併發症 | 社會孤立、就業問題、家庭壓力、霸凌、自我傷害。[1] |
起病年齡 | 兩三歲時[2][3] |
病程 | 長期 |
類型 | 智能障礙、自閉症 |
病因 | 基因和環境因素 |
診斷方法 | 根據行為和發展史 |
鑑別診斷 | 智力障礙,X染色體易裂症,焦慮 |
管理 | 行為治療,言語治療,精神藥物[4][5][6] |
藥物 | 抗精神病藥,抗抑鬱藥,興奮劑[7][8][9] |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 精神病學 |
低功能自閉症(英語:Low-functioning autism,縮寫:LFA)是一種有智能障礙的自閉症(智商69或以下),其症狀包括社交或互動障礙,行為怪異,缺乏社交或情感上的互惠性。症狀還包括睡眠問題、攻擊性和自我傷害。[10]
診斷
在美國精神醫學學會出版的《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》中,並沒有對低功能自閉症的診斷。在DSM-4中,低功能自閉症指的是所有有智力障礙(智商69或以下)的自閉症患者。但在目前DSM-5的診斷標準中,已經取消了低功能自閉症的分類。[11]
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. [13 July 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2019-07-14) (英語).
- ^ NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder. nimh.nih.gov. October 2016 [20 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-21) (英語).
- ^ DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria. [16 December 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-19).
- ^ Myers SM, Johnson CP. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. November 2007, 120 (5): 1162–82 [2020-09-11]. PMID 17967921. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-23).
- ^ Sanchack, KE; Thomas, CA. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles.. American Family Physician. 15 December 2016, 94 (12): 972–79. PMID 28075089.
- ^ Sukhodolsky, DG; Bloch, MH; Panza, KE; Reichow, B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis.. Pediatrics. November 2013, 132 (5): e1341–50. PMC 3813396
. PMID 24167175. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193.
- ^ Ji N, Findling RL. An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. March 2015, 28 (2): 91–101. PMID 25602248. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132.
- ^ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA. Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. June 2007, 17 (3): 348–55. PMID 17630868. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303.
- ^ Jaeggi, S. M.; Buschkuehl, M.; Jonides, J.; Perrig, W. J. From the Cover: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105 (19): 6829–33. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.6829J. PMC 2383929
. PMID 18443283. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105.
- ^ Brambilla, P. Brain anatomy and development in autism: Review of structural MRI studies. Brain Research Bulletin. 2003, 61 (6): 557–569. PMID 14519452. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.06.001.
- ^ What is Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders?. US Autism and Asperger Association. [16 December 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-28).