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跨物種感染

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跨物種感染(Cross-species transmission;host jump)是指病原獲得感染新物種宿主能力,進而感染新宿主、在新宿主個體間傳播的現象[1],關於此現象的研究以病毒為主,但細菌等其他微生物也可能發生[2]。跨物種感染的第一步為病原與一個新宿主物種個體接觸,其後病原可能逐漸適應新的宿主而造成疾病爆發,是新興傳染病(特別是病毒疾病)的起因之一[3]。多數感染人類的病毒均起源於感染其他動物的病毒,包括SARS-CoVMERS-CoVSARS-CoV-2豬流感病毒禽流感病毒伊波拉病毒[4]

跨物種感染的具體機制因病原種類而異,且目前對此了解尚有限,突變率英語Mutation rate較高的病毒可能可較快適應新的宿主物種,抵抗其免疫反應而得以繼續傳播。經常互相接觸的物種間較容易發生跨物種感染,但不常互相接觸的物種間也可能透過中間宿主發生,即病原由自然宿主透過中間宿主傳給新的宿主[5][6],例如SARS-CoV從菊頭蝠透過果子狸果子狸SARS冠狀病毒)傳給人類[7]。另外親緣關係接近的宿主間也較容易發生跨物種感染,可能是其免疫反應機制相近所致,人類病毒即大多源於感染其他哺乳動物的病毒,而植物病毒應無法跨物種感染人類[3]。若病原在跨物種感染後不再感染原本的宿主,而只在新宿主間傳播,則為宿主轉換[8]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Childs, JE; Mackenzie, JE; Richt, JE, Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media: 129–134, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6 
  2. ^ Benavides, JA; Cross, PC; Luikart, G; Creel, S, Limitations to estimating bacterial cross-species transmission using genetic and genomic markers: Inferences from simulation modeling, Evolutionary Applications, 2014, 7 (7): 774–787, PMC 4227858可免費查閱, PMID 25469159, doi:10.1111/eva.12173 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Parrish, CR; Holmes, EC; Morens, DM; Park, EC; et al, Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2008, 72 (3): 457–470, PMC 2546865可免費查閱, PMID 18772285, doi:10.1128/MMBR.00004-08 
  4. ^ Faria, NR; Suchard, MA; Rambaut, A; Streicker, DG; et al, Simultaneously reconstructing viral cross-species transmission history and identifying the underlying constraints, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2013, 368 (1614): 20120196, PMC 3678322可免費查閱, PMID 23382420, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0196 
  5. ^ Wang LF, Anderson DE. Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. Current Opinion in Virology. 2019, 34: 79–89. PMC 7102861可免費查閱. PMID 30665189. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007. 
  6. ^ Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?. Viruses. 2019, 11 (3): 215. PMC 6466281可免費查閱. PMID 30832426. doi:10.3390/v11030215. 
  7. ^ Xing‐Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng‐Li Shi. BAT CORONAVIRUSES. Lin-Fa Wang and Christopher Cowled (編). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases, First Edition.. John Wiley & Sons. 2015 [2021-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-01). 
  8. ^ Haven, J; Park, AW, Superinfection reconciles host–parasite association and cross-species transmission, Theoretical Population Biology, 2013, 90: 129–134, PMC 7126234可免費查閱, PMID 24161558, doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2013.09.015