熱點 (地質學)
熱點(英語:Hotspot)在地質學上是指地球表面長期歷經活躍的火山活動的地區。約翰·圖佐·威爾遜在1963年時有了一種想法,認為像夏威夷群島這樣的火山鏈是板塊緩慢地移動時經過地表下一個「固定的」熱點而形成的。熱點被認為是一股較熱的、狹窄的地幔從地幔與地核之間的邊界開始向上進行對流而形成的,這稱為「地幔熱柱」(mantle plume)。最新的地質學上的證據則把熱點的成因指向了海洋地殼隱沒至核幔邊界(Gutenberg discontinuity),海洋地殼因其密度較小而上升,且過程中減壓融熔。地質學家也確認出了全球40到50個熱點,最活躍的熱點包括夏威夷、留尼旺、黃石、加拉巴哥群島、冰島等地。
顯著的熱點路徑
- 夏威夷-天皇海山鏈(夏威夷熱點)
- 路易維爾海山鏈(路易維爾熱點)
- 鯨灣中脊(戈夫及特里斯坦熱點)
- 科的阿克-鮑伊海山鏈(鮑伊熱點)
- 柯布-埃克爾伯格海山鏈(柯布熱點)
- 新英格蘭海山鏈(新英格蘭熱點)
- 阿納海姆火山帶(阿納海姆熱點)
- 麥肯齊岩牆群(麥肯齊熱點)
- 大流星熱點軌跡(新英格蘭熱點)
- 聖海倫娜海山鏈-喀麥隆火山線(聖海倫娜熱點)
- 南馬斯克林深海高原-查戈斯-馬爾代夫-拉克沙中脊(留尼汪熱點)[2]
- 可能的熱點路徑
- 東經九十度中脊(凱爾蓋朗熱點?)[2]
- 土阿莫土-萊恩島鏈(復活節熱點)[3][4]
- 南方-吉爾伯特-馬紹爾島鏈(麥當勞熱點)[4][5]
- 胡安·費南德茲中脊(胡安·費南德茲熱點)
- 塔斯曼提德海山鏈(塔斯曼提德熱點)
- 加那利亞群島(加那利亞熱點)[6]
- 佛得角(佛得角熱點)[6]
熱點列表
縮寫:
- w:weight is a subjective uncertainty between simulation and determined azimuth;
- az:方位角(板塊方向)
- Weight,解釋:
- 方位角差小於8°: w= 1.0
- 方位角差小於10°: w= 0.8
- 方位角差小於12°: w= 0.5
- 方位角差小於15°: w= 0.3
- 方位角差大於15°: w= 0.2
歐亞板塊
- 艾費爾熱點(8)
- 50°12′N 6°42′E / 50.2°N 6.7°E, w= 1 az= 082° ±8° rate= 12 ±2 mm/yr [7]
- 冰島熱點(14)
- 64°24′N 17°18′W / 64.4°N 17.3°W [7]
- 歐亞大陸板塊, w= .8 az= 075° ±10° rate= 5 ±3 mm/yr
- 北美洲板塊, w= .8 az= 287° ±10° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
- 可能與格陵蘭的北大西洋地殼拉張有關(62 Ma)[8]
- 64°24′N 17°18′W / 64.4°N 17.3°W [7]
- 亞速爾熱點(1)
- 37°54′N 26°00′W / 37.9°N 26.0°W [7]
- 歐亞大陸板塊, w= .5 az= 110° ±12°
- 北美洲板塊, w= .3 az= 280° ±15°
- 37°54′N 26°00′W / 37.9°N 26.0°W [7]
- 揚馬延熱點(15)
- 海南熱點(46)
- 20°N 110°E / 20°N 110°E, az= 000° ±15° [7]
非洲板塊
- 埃特納火山(47)
- 霍加爾熱點(13)
- 23°18′N 5°36′E / 23.3°N 5.6°E, w= .3 az= 046° ±12° [7]
- 提貝斯提熱點(40)
- 20°48′N 17°30′E / 20.8°N 17.5°E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° [7]
- 馬拉山脈/達爾富爾熱點(6)
- 13°00′N 24°12′E / 13.0°N 24.2°E, w= .5 az= 045° ±8° [7]
- 阿法爾熱點(29,地圖上錯位)
- 7°00′N 39°30′E / 7.0°N 39.5°E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° rate= 16 ±8 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與阿法爾三叉匯接區有關(30 Ma)
- 喀麥隆熱點(17)
- 2°00′N 5°06′E / 2.0°N 5.1°E, w= .3 az= 032° ±3° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- 馬德拉熱點(48)
- 32°36′N 17°18′W / 32.6°N 17.3°W, w= .3 az= 055° ±15° rate= 8 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 加那利亞熱點(18)
- 28°12′N 18°00′W / 28.2°N 18.0°W, w= 1 az= 094° ±8° rate= 20 ±4 mm/yr [7]
- 新英格蘭/大流星熱點(28)
- 29°24′N 29°12′W / 29.4°N 29.2°W, w= .8 az= 040° ±10° [7]
- 佛得角熱點(19)
- 16°00′N 24°00′W / 16.0°N 24.0°W, w= .2 az= 060° ±30° [7]
- 獅子山熱點
- 聖海倫娜熱點(34)
- 16°30′S 9°30′W / 16.5°S 9.5°W, w= 1 az= 078° ±5° rate= 20 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 戈夫熱點(49), at 40°19' S 9°56' W.[9][10]
- 40°18′S 10°00′E / 40.3°S 10°E, w= .8 az= 079° ±5° rate= 18 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 特里斯坦熱點(42), at 37°07′ S 12°17′ W.
- 維瑪熱點(維瑪海底山,43), at 31°38' S 8°20' E.
- 32°06′S 6°18′W / 32.1°S 6.3°W [7]
- 可能與穿過鯨灣中脊的巴拉那-伊滕德卡暗色岩有關。(c. 132 Ma)
- , 發現熱點(50)(發現海底山)
- 43°00′S 2°42′W / 43.0°S 2.7°W, w= 1 az= 068° ±3° [7]
- 鮑威特熱點(51)
- 紹納/流星熱點(27)
- 51°24′S 1°00′W / 51.4°S 1.0°W, w= .3 az= 074° ±6° [7]
- 留尼旺熱點(33)
- 21°12′S 55°42′E / 21.2°S 55.7°E, w= .8 az= 047° ±10° rate= 40 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與德干暗色岩有關(主要在68.5–66 Ma)
- 科摩羅熱點(21)
- 11°30′S 43°18′E / 11.5°S 43.3°E, w= .5 az=118 ±10° rate=35 ±10 mm/yr [7]
南極板塊
- 馬里恩熱點(25)
- 46°54′S 37°36′E / 46.9°S 37.6°E, w= .5 az= 080° ±12° [7]
- 克羅澤熱點(52)
- 46°06′S 50°12′E / 46.1°S 50.2°E, w= .8 az= 109° ±10° rate= 25 ±13 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與卡魯-費拉爾地質區有關。(183 Ma)
- 凱爾蓋朗熱點(20)
- 49°36′S 69°00′E / 49.6°S 69.0°E, w= .2 az= 050° ±30° rate= 3 ±1 mm/yr [7]
- 與凱爾蓋朗海台有關(130 Ma)
- 赫德熱點(53),可能為凱爾蓋朗熱點的一部分。
- 53°06′S 73°30′E / 53.1°S 73.5°E, w= .2 az= 030° ±20° [7]
- 聖保羅島與阿姆斯特丹島可能是凱爾蓋朗熱點軌跡的一部分。(聖保羅島可能不屬於另一個熱點)
- 巴雷尼熱點(2)
- 67°36′S 164°48′E / 67.6°S 164.8°E, w= .2 az= 325° ±7° [7]
- 埃里伯斯熱點(54)
南美板塊
- Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41)
- 20°30′S 28°48′W / 20.5°S 28.8°W, w= 1 az= 264° ±5° [7]
- Fernando hotspot (9)
- 3°48′S 32°24′W / 3.8°S 32.4°W, w= 1 az= 266° ±7° [7]
- Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma)
- Ascension hotspot (55)
北美板塊
- Bermuda hotspot (56)
- 32°36′N 64°18′W / 32.6°N 64.3°W, w= .3 az= 260° ±15° [7]
- Yellowstone hotspot (44)
- 44°30′N 110°24′W / 44.5°N 110.4°W, w= .8 az= 235° ±5° rate= 26 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group (17–14 Ma).[11]
- Raton hotspot (32)
- 36°48′N 104°06′W / 36.8°N 104.1°W, w= 1 az= 240°±4° rate= 30 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Anahim hotspot (45)
印澳板塊
- Lord Howe hotspot (22)
- 34°42′S 159°48′E / 34.7°S 159.8°E, w= .8 az= 351° ±10° [7]
- Tasmantid hotspot (39)
- 40°24′S 155°30′E / 40.4°S 155.5°E, w= .8 az= 007° ±5° rate= 63 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- East Australia hotspot (30)
- 40°48′S 146°00′E / 40.8°S 146.0°E, w= .3 az= 000° ±15° rate= 65 ±3 mm/yr [7]
納茲卡板塊
- Juan Fernández hotspot (16)
- 33°54′S 81°48′W / 33.9°S 81.8°W, w= 1 az= 084° ±3° rate= 80 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- San Felix hotspot (36)
- 26°24′S 80°06′W / 26.4°S 80.1°W, w= .3 az= 083° ±8° [7]
- Easter hotspot (7)
- 26°24′S 106°30′W / 26.4°S 106.5°W, w= 1 az= 087° ±3° rate= 95 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Galápagos hotspot (10)
- 0°24′S 91°36′W / 0.4°S 91.6°W [7]
- Nazca Plate, w= 1 az= 096° ±5° rate= 55 ±8 mm/yr
- Cocos Plate, w= .5 az= 045° ±6°
- Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province (main events: 95–88 Ma).
- 0°24′S 91°36′W / 0.4°S 91.6°W [7]
太平洋板塊
- Louisville hotspot (23)
- 53°36′S 140°36′W / 53.6°S 140.6°W, w= 1 az= 316° ±5° rate= 67 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125–120 Ma).
- Foundation hotspot/Ngatemato seamounts (57)
- 37°42′S 111°06′W / 37.7°S 111.1°W, w= 1 az= 292° ±3° rate= 80 ±6 mm/yr [7]
- Macdonald hotspot (24)
- 29°00′S 140°18′W / 29.0°S 140.3°W, w= 1 az= 289° ±6° rate= 105 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- North Austral/President Thiers (President Thiers Bank, 58)
- 25°36′S 143°18′W / 25.6°S 143.3°W, w= (1.0) azim= 293° ± 3° rate= 75 ±15 mm/yr [7]
- Arago hotspot (Arago Seamount, 59)
- 23°24′S 150°42′W / 23.4°S 150.7°W, w= 1 azim= 296° ±4° rate= 120 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Maria/Southern Cook hotspot (Îles Maria, 60)
- 20°12′S 153°48′W / 20.2°S 153.8°W, w= 0.8 az= 300° ±4° [7]
- Samoa hotspot (35)
- 14°30′S 168°12′W / 14.5°S 168.2°W, w= .8 az= 285°±5° rate= 95 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Crough hotspot (Crough Seamount, 61)
- 26°54′S 114°36′W / 26.9°S 114.6°W, w= .8 az= 284° ± 2° [7]
- Pitcairn hotspot (31)
- 25°24′S 129°18′W / 25.4°S 129.3°W, w= 1 az= 293° ±3° rate= 90 ±15 mm/yr [7]
- Society/Tahiti hotspot (38)
- 18°12′S 148°24′W / 18.2°S 148.4°W, w= .8 az= 295°±5° rate= 109 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- Marquesas hotspot (26)
- 10°30′S 139°00′W / 10.5°S 139.0°W, w= .5 az= 319° ±8° rate= 93 ±7 mm/yr [7]
- Caroline hotspot (4)
- 4°48′N 164°24′E / 4.8°N 164.4°E, w= 1 az= 289° ±4° rate= 135 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Hawaii hotspot (12)
- 19°00′N 155°12′W / 19.0°N 155.2°W, w= 1 az= 304° ±3° rate= 92 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Siberian Traps (251–250 Ma).[13]
- Socorro/Revillagigedos hotspot (37)
- Guadalupe hotspot (11)
- 27°42′N 114°30′W / 27.7°N 114.5°W, w= .8 az= 292° ±5° rate= 80 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- Cobb hotspot (5)
- 46°00′N 130°06′W / 46.0°N 130.1°W, w= 1 az= 321° ±5° rate= 43 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- Bowie/Pratt-Welker hotspot (3)
- 53°00′N 134°48′W / 53.0°N 134.8°W, w=.8 az= 306° ±4° rate= 40 ±20 mm/yr [7]
參見
參考資料
- ^ Axial Seamount. PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions Program. 美國國家海洋和大氣管理局. [23 September 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-22).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 E. V. Verzhbitsky. Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges. Journal of Geodynamics 35/3 (2003).
- ^ W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). : 111 [2010-04-23]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-13).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 W. J. Morgan. Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle. Nature 230 (1971). [2010-09-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-22).
- ^ Segev, A. Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes) (PDF). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series. 2002, 2: 171–191 [5 August 2010]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-24).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos. Encyclopedia of Geology. 2021-01-01: 674–699 [2024-03-21]. ISBN 9780081029091. S2CID 226588940. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-21) (英語).
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). [2011-11-06]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-13).
- ^ Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik. Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations. Nature. 13 December 2007, 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. PMID 18075591. doi:10.1038/nature06379.
- ^ O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. Revised Indian Plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2003, 215: 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於26 July 2011).
- ^ O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1992, 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.
- ^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 20 November 2009, 188 (1–3): 26–56 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-06-17).
- ^ Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt. Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. [2008-06-14]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-16).
- ^ B Steinberger, C Gaina, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea, Geology 35 (5), 407–410.
延伸閱讀
- Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010 [2018-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-25).
- Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. Mantle plumes: Dynamic models and seismic images (PDF). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 2007, 8 (Q10006): Q10006 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2007GGG.....810006B. ISSN 1525-2027. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-04-17).
- Clouard, Valérie; Gerbault, Muriel. Break-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007, 265: 195. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013.
- Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism. ScienceDaily. 4 February 2008 [2018-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-22).