石油產業
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石油產業是勘探、開採、提煉、運輸和銷售石油產品的產業。以體積計,石油產業的最主要產品是重油和汽油。石油也是許多化工產品的原料。石油產業可再分為上游、中游和下游。
全球每年消耗約300億桶(約4.8立方公里)石油,大部分由已發展國家消耗。美國是消耗石油最多的國家,在2007年消耗了該年全球生產石油的四分之一。[1]
現代歷史
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俄羅斯在1825年生產3,500噸石油,到該世紀中葉產量已翻倍。[2]
加拿大的第一個商業性油井於1858年開始營運。[3]美國的首次現代石油鑽探於1850年代在今西弗吉尼亞州和賓夕法尼亞州開始。到1925年,美國已超越俄羅斯成為全球最大產油國。到1920年代,多個國家已經建立了油田,包括加拿大、波蘭、瑞典、烏克蘭、美國、秘魯和委內瑞拉。[4]
二次大戰後,中東國家的石油產量超越美國。與此同時,深水鑽採和鑽井船的技術也發展起來。
參考文獻
- ^ "The World Factbook". Country Comparison - Oil Consumption. Found at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2174rank.html (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ N.Y. Krylov, A.A. Bokserman, E.R.Stavrovsky. The Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union. CRC Press, 1998. P. 187.
- ^ Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage. The Corporation of the County of Lambton. [30 July 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2013年7月29日).
The North American oil industry began in Oil Springs in 1858 in less spectacular fashion. James Miller Williams, a coachmaker from Hamilton, dug into the tar-like gum beds of Enniskillen Township to find their source. At a depth of fourteen feet, he struck oil. Williams immediately built a small refinery and began to produce illuminating oil for lamps - kerosene. It was Williams who was able to take full advantage of the ancient resource. Not only was he astute enough to look below the surface of the gum beds to find oil and to realize its commercial potential, but the timing of his discovery was perfect.
- ^ Vassiliou, Marius (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman and Littlefield), 700 pp.
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