极端电影
极端电影（英语：extreme cinema）是指电影的一个子类型，其特点是使用过度的性和暴力，以及含有肢解和酷刑等各种极端的性质。近年来，极端电影专注于类型片，主要是恐怖片和剧情片。
接受
21世纪亚洲电影的日益流行为极端电影的发展做出了贡献，尽管极端电影仍被视为以恐怖电影为基础的流派[1]。作为一个相对较新的流派，极端电影备受争议，并且在主流媒体中普遍不被接受[2]。极端电影的目标是特定而小众的观众群体[3]。
历史
极端电影的前史可以追溯到对艺术电影的审查以及20世纪上半叶开始在英语市场上进行的经典剥削电影的广告策略，以及后来对性的自由呈现[4]。
“极端电影”这个名称源自于一系列亚洲电影，其结合了极端暴力、恐怖和令人震惊的情节等引人注意的特征[5]。极端电影可以追溯到“亚洲极端”（Asian Extreme），这个术语用于描述日本和其他亚洲电影的过度特性。早期的亚洲极端电影例子包括1998年《午夜凶铃》和2000年《大逃杀》[6]。
争议
极端电影受到影评人和公众的高度批评和争议。对于这些电影中过度性化的争议使其成为对“主流”社会标准的威胁[7]。
对于现代电影中暴力的使用的增加也受到了批评。自从70年代血腥砍杀电影的出现以来，极端电影的日益流行导致了大众媒体中的随意暴力[8]。一些人批评极端电影让青少年容易接触和无意识地将其作为受众[9]。
著名电影
- 一部塞尔维亚电影[10][11][12] (2010)
- 复仇行动[13] (1974)
- 失落伊甸园[14][15] (2009)
- 再婚惊魂记[16] (1999)
- 奥斯威辛[17] (2011)
- 土匪女王[18] (1994)
- 受生[17][14](1990)
- 班尼的录影带[17] (1992)
- 黑色星期五[19] (2004)
- 鲜血盛宴[17] (1963)
- 罗马帝国艳情史未分级版[17] (1979)
- 罗马帝国艳情史……不为人知的故事[20] (1982)
- 人食人实录[21][22][23][24] (1980)
- 厨师、大盗，他的妻子和她的情人[25] (1989)
- 欲望号快车[17][26] (1996)
- 恶魔[17][27] (1971)
- 非普通教欲[16] (2009)
- 死亡真面目[20][14] (1979)
- 大快人心[16][28] (1997)
- 戆徒[29] (2010)
- 仇恨[20] (1994)
- 养鬼吃人[20] (1987)
- 杀手的肖像[30][31] (1986)
- 恐怖旅舍[20] (2005)
- 杰克盖的房子[32] (2018)
- 人体蜈蚣[20] (2009)
- 我唾弃你的坟墓[20] (1978)
- 杀手阿一 (2001)[33][34]
- 白痴[35] (1998)
- 残酷女淫魔[20] (1975)
- 感官世界[36] (1976)
- 不可撤销[20] (2002)
- 欲望与智慧[37] (1996)
- 男孩看见血地狱[38] (2009)
- 疯狂杀手[39][40] (1980)
- 人咬狗[41] (1992)
- 残酷！女刑罚史[41] (1970)
- 极限：残杀炼狱[10][12] (2008)
- 掩蔽门限[42][43][44] (2021)
- 没有女人的国家[45] (2003)
- 疯狂人生[46][47] (1970)
- 神秘肌肤[41] (2004)
- 闪灵杀手[48][49] (1994)
- 困惑的浪漫[41][50] (1987)
- 俄狄浦斯王[41] (1967)
- 原罪犯[28][51] (2003)
- 潘奇[52] (2003)
- 耶稣受难史[53][54] (2004)
- 碎块[55][56] (1982)
- 猪圈[41] (1969)
- 粉红色火烈鸟[41][57] (1972)
- 波基普西录像带[41] (2007)
- 恶夜活死鸡[41] (2006)
- 约翰蓝博4[41] (2008)
- 幽灵人种[41] (1985)
- 家灵[58] (2020)
- 梦之安魂曲[41] (2000)
- 复仇女警[59] (2022)
- 哭悲[60] (2021)
- 索多玛一百二十天[22][61] (1975)
- 夺魂锯[62] (2004)
- 病者：鲍勃·弗拉纳根的生命与死亡，超级性受虐狂[62] (1997)
- 平安夜[62] (1969)
- 惧裂[63] (2024)
- 循环自杀[33] (2001)
- 甜蜜电影[62] (1974)
- 人体雕像[12] (2006)
- 铁男1：金属兽 (1989)[64]
- 性女暴力日记[62] (1973)
- 一条安达鲁狗[62] (1929)
- 一个人和他的猪[62] (1974)
- 死路寻死[62] (2012)
著名导演
- 加斯帕·诺早期（《独自站立》、上文提到的《不可撤销》和《马肉》）[65][66][67][68][69]
- 彼得·杰逊早期（《坏品位》和《新空房禁地》）[17]
- 约翰·华特斯早期（上文提到的《疯狂人生》和《粉红色火烈鸟》）[70][71][72]
- 韦斯·克拉文早期（1972年《魔屋》和1977年《隔山有眼》）[41][20][73]
- 乌韦·博尔[17]
- 布鲁诺·杜蒙[74]
- 拉斯·冯·提尔[65]
- 三池崇史[12][75]
- 皮埃尔·保罗·帕索里尼[22][76]
- 艾利·罗斯[77][20]
- 园子温[78]
- 赫谢尔·戈登·路易斯[17]
- 吉姆·范·贝伯[41]
- 劳埃德·考夫曼[41][62]
其他
《梦之安魂曲》和《原罪犯》被BBC评为21世纪百大电影[80]。
作为媒体中的其他例子，可以看到在日漫、电视和电子游戏中，因为其性质与极端电影相关或受其启发而呈现出多样化的表现（例如《烙印勇士》[81]、《权力的游戏》[82]、《回复术士的重启人生》[83][84]、2007年《侠盗猎魔2》[85][86]和2018年游戏《恐惧与饥饿》[87]）。
另见
参考资料
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