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普遍文法

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普遍文法(英语:universal grammar,缩写为 UG),又译为普遍语法,一种语言学理论,最有名的提倡者为乔姆斯基。这个理论认为在人类能够学习到各种文法的普遍能力,是内建在大脑中的。它可以用来解释语言习得的一般过程,说明儿童在发展语言时,使用同一个法则,来学习不同的语言。

这个想法最早可以追溯到英国的哲学家培根。最早提出这个理论的语言学家,是乔姆斯基萨丕尔、与理查德·蒙塔古

培根及早期哲学家

乔姆斯基的理论

20世纪80年代初,乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论,也称为原则与参数理论。

乔姆斯基认为,人类的大脑,只使用几组固定的规则来组织语言。所以,他假设所有的语言,在底层都拥有相同的文法结构。这几组有限的规则,称为普遍文法(universal grammar)。

他们认为,普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系,存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系,普遍语法包括一套普遍原则,利用这些原则,可以不断合成短语;普遍语法还含有一系列参数,这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。

参考文献

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