普遍文法
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![]() | 此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2023年4月25日) |
普遍文法(英語:universal grammar,縮寫為 UG),又譯為普遍語法,一種語言學理論,最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力,是內建在大腦中的。它可以用來解釋語言習得的一般過程,說明兒童在發展語言時,使用同一個法則,來學習不同的語言。
這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家,是喬姆斯基、沙皮爾、與理察·蒙塔古。
培根及早期哲學家
喬姆斯基的理論
20世紀80年代初,喬姆斯基和其他一些語言學家提出了普遍語法理論,也稱為原則與參數理論。
喬姆斯基認為,人類的大腦,只使用幾組固定的規則來組織語言。所以,他假設所有的語言,在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則,稱為普遍文法(universal grammar)。
他們認為,普遍語法是人類所特有的語言知識體系,存在於正常人的大腦中。根據這一原則和參數體系,普遍語法包括一套普遍原則,利用這些原則,可以不斷合成短語;普遍語法還含有一系列參數,這些參數可以幫助和指導普遍原則更好地操作。
參考文獻
- Ambridge, Ben; Lieven, Elena V. M. Child Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-76804-7.
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- Burnett, James. Of the Origin and Progress of Language. Edinburgh, 1774–1792.
- Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965. ISBN 0-262-53007-4.
- Elman, J., Bates, E. et al. Rethinking innateness. MIT Press, 1996.
- Harris, James. Hermes or A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Universal Grammar. (1751, 1771.)
- Kliesch, C. (2012). Making sense of syntax – Innate or acquired? Contrasting universal grammar with other approaches to language acquisition. Journal of European Psychology Students, 3, 88–94,
- "Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
- Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
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- Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01030-2.
- Window on Humanity. A Concise Introduction to Anthropology. Conrad Phillip Kottak. Ed. Kevin Witt, Jill Gordon. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005.
- White, Lydia. "Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar". Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-79647-4
- Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.
- http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Jackendoff, Ray. Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. 2002 (俄語).
- Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.
- Chomsky, Noam: Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht, 1981.
- Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
- Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008): Language as shaped by the brain. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
- Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009): The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
- Tomasello, M. (1995): Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
- Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
- Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.
外部連結
- Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
參見
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