薰衣草油
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LavenderEssentialOil.png/220px-LavenderEssentialOil.png)
薰衣草油(英語:Lavender oil,CAS號:8000-28-0)是通過蒸餾某些薰衣草品種的花穗獲得的精油。不同的品種提取出的薰衣草油有着不同的香氣:提取自狹葉薰衣草(又名真薰衣草、英國薰衣草)的薰衣草油(lavender flower oil)有着清甜的花香,提取自寬葉薰衣草(又名穗狀薰衣草、穗花薰衣草)的穗狀薰衣草油(lavender spike oil)在清香中帶有清涼的草藥香,寬窄葉雜交薰衣草(又名醒目薰衣草[1])的精油香氣則介於兩者之間。[2][3]
與所有精油一樣,薰衣草油不是純淨的單一化合物,而是複雜的植物性化合物的混合物,精油成分也因薰衣草的品種而異。[4]狹葉薰衣草精油的主要成分包括乙酸芳樟醇、芳樟醇,而穗狀薰衣草油的主要成分包括芳樟醇、桉葉油醇和樟腦。[4]
生產
薰衣草油是通過水蒸氣蒸餾法生產的。[5][6]這種方法減少了極性化合物的損失,與其他方法相比能產生更多的精油。[7]薰衣草花的收穫期通常在六月下旬至八月之間。[8]剪下的薰衣草花序被壓入薰衣草蒸餾器中,水蒸汽從蒸餾器底部進入加熱薰衣草。[5]油腺在加熱過程中破裂,釋放出的薰衣草油汽化與水蒸汽一起上升,在上方的冷管上凝結成液體,被收集到儲罐中。[5]由於水和薰衣草油有着不同的極性和密度,兩者不互溶,會在儲罐中分層,將水從管道排出,即得到薰衣草油。[5][9]
薰衣草油在世界各地都有生產,其中保加利亞、法國和中國的產量領先。[10][11]
用途
薰衣草油被用於香水、芳香療法和皮膚塗抹,[12]但這些用法沒有臨床益處。[13]薰衣草油用於按摩療法,通過直接接觸皮膚使人放鬆,但可能會發生過敏反應。[13]目前沒有充分的證據支持使用薰衣草油治療失智症。[14]
2021年的一項薈萃分析包括五項針對焦慮症患者的研究,這五項研究均由所用薰衣草油膠囊的製造商資助,其中四項研究是由薈萃分析的一位作者進行,[15] 不清楚它們是否是盲法試驗。 [16]這項分析顯示,每天口服80毫克薰衣草油與漢密爾頓焦慮評定量表上的焦慮評分降低相關。[15]根據國家補充與替代醫學中心的說法,由於這些研究的局限性,口服薰衣草油治療焦慮症的有效性仍不確定。[13]
在蒸餾松節油普及之前,穗狀薰衣草油曾被用作油畫的溶劑。[17]
可能的不良影響
儘管人們普遍認為薰衣草油對其預期用途是安全的,[18]但它是一種潛在的內分泌干擾物,持續接觸可能會影響女孩和男孩的乳房發育。[19]
包括薰衣草油在內的許多精油,如果服用都有毒性。[20][21]一般來說,服用5毫升的稀釋精油可能會導致成人中毒,2-3毫升可能會導致兒童中毒。[22] 2014-2018年,新南威爾士州報告了271起薰衣草油中毒病例,占所有精油中毒病例的6.1%,中毒者大多數是兒童。[21]
薰衣草油的主要有毒成分是乙酸芳樟酯和芳樟醇。[20][23]
攝入薰衣草油中毒的症狀包括視力模糊、呼吸困難、喉嚨灼痛、眼睛灼傷、神志不清、意識水平下降、腹瀉、胃痛、嘔吐和皮疹。[20]局部塗抹薰衣草油可能會引起接觸性皮炎。[22]
攝入的薰衣草油可能會與處方藥發生相互作用,包括抗凝劑、他汀類藥物和抗癲癇藥物。[24]
化學成分
薰衣草油的植物性化合物成分因品種而異,主要由單萜和倍半萜醇組成。[24]主要是芳樟醇(20-35%)和乙酸芳樟酯(30-55%),並有中等水平的乙酸薰衣草酯、4-松油醇、薰衣草醇、 桉葉油醇、樟腦、檸烯和單寧。[24]薰衣草油通常含有100多種化合物,儘管其中許多化合物的濃度可以忽略不計。[24][25]
類 | 成分 | 狹葉薰衣草 | 寬葉薰衣草 |
---|---|---|---|
萜烯/單萜醇 | ![]() 芳樟醇 |
28.92 % | 49.47 % |
α-松油醇 | 0.90% | 1.08% | |
γ-松油醇 | 0.09% | ||
冰片 | 1.43% | ||
異冰片 | 0.82% | ||
4-松油醇 | 4.32% | ||
橙花醇 | 0.20% | ||
薰衣草醇 | 0.78% | ||
萜烯/萜烯酯 | ![]() 乙酸芳樟酯 |
32.98 % | |
乙酸香葉酯 | 0.60% | ||
乙酸橙花酯 | 0.32% | ||
乙酸蘑菇酯 | 0.65% | ||
乙酸薰衣草酯 | 4.52% | ||
萜烯/單萜 | 月桂烯 | 0.46% | 0.41% |
α-蒎烯 | 0.54% | ||
β-蒎烯 | 0.33% | ||
莰烯 | 0.30% | ||
( E )-β-羅勒烯 | 3.09% | ||
( Z )-β-羅勒烯 | 4.44% | ||
β-水芹烯 | 0.12% | ||
萜烯/萜類氧化物 | ![]() 桉葉油醇 |
25.91 % | |
萜烯/倍半萜烯 | β-石竹烯 | 4.62% | 2.10% |
β-金合歡烯 | 2.73% | ||
β-月桂烯 | 0.27% | ||
α-葎草烯 | 0.28% | ||
酮類 | ![]() 樟腦 |
0.85% | 13:00 % |
3-辛酮 | 0.72% | ||
![]() 隱品酮(Cryptone) |
0.35% |
參考
- ^ 鹽屋紹子. 精油大全. 江西科學技術出版社. 2019. ISBN 9787539069524.
- ^ 國際化妝品原料標準中文名稱目錄(2010年版)
- ^ 向傑; 程鍇. 香精香料应用技术基础. 化學工業出版社. 2021. ISBN 9787122391810.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Marincaş, Olivian; Feher, Ioana. A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018-12-01, 125: 241–247. ISSN 0926-6690. S2CID 104553013. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 (英語).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lis-Balchin, Maria. Lavender: The Genus Lavandula. CRC Press. August 2002. ISBN 978-0-203-21652-1 (英語).
- ^ Health (U.S.), National Institute of. Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1919 (英語).
- ^ Masango P. Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2005-06-01, 13 (8): 833–839. ISSN 0959-6526. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039.
- ^ Simmons, Adelma Grenier. Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. Rodale Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-87857-792-7 (英語).
- ^ Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ. Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. March 2002, 247 (1): 167–76. Bibcode:2002JCIS..247..167C. PMID 16290453. doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.8110.
- ^ Mihala, Lorelei. Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success. BBC News. 2020-07-30 [2020-08-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-11) (英國英語).
- ^ Giray, Handan. An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants. November 2018, 21 (6): 1612–1623. S2CID 107300743. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612.
- ^ Groom N. The New Perfume Handbook 2nd. Blackie Academic & Professional. 1997: 184–186. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lavender. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020 [1 July 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-01).
- ^ Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Meta-analysis). August 2020, 2020 (8): CD003150. PMC 7437395
. PMID 32813272. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 von Känel, Roland; Kasper, Siegfried; Bondolfi, Guido; et al. Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior. 2021-04-11, 11 (4): e01997. ISSN 2162-3279. PMC 8035468
. PMID 33638614. doi:10.1002/brb3.1997.
- ^ Generoso, Marcelo B.; Soares, Amanda; Taiar, Ivan T.; Cordeiro, Quirino; Shiozawa, Pedro. Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017, 37 (1): 115–117. ISSN 1533-712X. PMID 27861196. S2CID 42697028. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615.
- ^ The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art. Oxford University Press. 2008: 605–606. ISBN 978-0-19-531391-8.
- ^ Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates). FDA. [24 March 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-01).
- ^ Endocrine disruptors. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health. 2 June 2023 [5 July 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-11) (英語).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lavender oil. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 13 November 2021 [9 January 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-23).
Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R. Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre. The Medical Journal of Australia. November 2019, 212 (3): 132–133. PMID 31709543. S2CID 207940224. doi:10.5694/mja2.50403
.
We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Essential oil poisoning. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. July 2021 [2023-09-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-21).
Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults
- ^ Elshafie HS, Camele I. An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health. BioMed Research International. 5 November 2017, 2017: 9268468. PMC 5694587
. PMID 29230418. doi:10.1155/2017/9268468
.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Lavender. Drugs.com. 22 October 2021 [25 May 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-19).
- ^ Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G. Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. September 2002, 970 (1–2): 225–34. PMID 12350096. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2.