维基百科:顶注
 |
 | 本页简而言之：顶注是在一篇条目或一个章节的最顶端提供链接，以帮助读者在他们正在浏览的条目不是他们要找的那篇条目时找到另一篇条目。 |
顶注（Hatnote，或称页眉脚注）是置于条目或章节顶部的简短注释。就拿这个做为一个例子，请看那些紧接在上面方框前面的斜体注释。它的英文名字来自于它的位置，就像一顶帽子放在人的头顶上一样。顶注的目的是帮助读者找到另一篇条目，如果他们所处的条目不是他们要找的条目。读者可能因为以下原因，而来到含有顶注的条目：
顶注提供了可能就是正在寻找的条目的链接、或是一个消歧义页面的链接。
顶注的五个基本规则是：
- 直接链接到其他条目；不要管道链接到非消歧义的链接。链接到重定向通常是不可取的，虽然也可能出现例外情况。链接到消除歧义的页面应该要以“（消除歧义）”结尾，即使该版本的标题是一个重定向。
- 尽量少解释；只解释重要的资讯，让条目的序言章节和主体为读者阐明事情。
- 只有当读者有误入该条目、或是心中想的是另一个主题却入错了条目，的合理可能性，你才提出其他主题和条目。
- 然而，如果一个显著的主题小明通常被称为“小华”，但“小华”这篇条目并不是关于小明的，就“必须”要有一个链接到关于小明的条目的顶注，“或者”链接到一个包含小明的条目链接的消歧义页面。
- 理想的情况是，在页面或章节的顶部，将顶注限制为一个。如果有不同的目的，例如消除名称相似的主题和解释重定向，那么多个顶注可能是合适的。(在这种情况下，可以考虑使用{{hatnote group}}。
更多关于编写消歧义条目的办法，参见Wikipedia:消歧义。
位置
将顶注放在条目或章节的顶部。当在条目的顶部使用时，顶注紧接在简短描述模板下面，但完全地高于其他任何东西，包括保护图标或维护标签。[1]纯文字浏览器和屏幕阅读器则会依序呈现页面。如果读者到达了不对的页面，他们应该首先发现这个。
在维基百科的iOS应用程式中，有一个已知的错误，即顶注不能出现在页面的任何地方。
格式
大多数情况下，顶注应尽量使用标准顶注模板建立，如下列§ 顶注模板所示。这可以让注解的形式和结构能够随百科全书的需要而一致地变化，而且在打印时可以将这些模板排除。
英文维基百科目前的风格是斜体字和缩进每个注解，在项目之前没有一个项目符号（小黑圆点）。水平分隔线不应该放在注释下面或列表中最后一项的后面。条目的链接应遵循大写字母的命名惯例--通常是句子大小写，而不是全部小写。
在决定顶注的内容之时，要记住它是用户界面的一部分而不是条目内容。两个适用的用户界面设计原则是清晰和简明。顶注不应该给用户带来过多不相干的资讯，而且内容应该快速准确地传达给用户。这些设计的目标在“少即是多”的原则中被简洁地传达出来。
长度和个数
由于顶注将读者与他们正在寻找的内容分开，顶注一般应尽可能地简洁。一般来说，不鼓励冗长的解释；文章的主要文字，而不是顶注，应该解释文章的内容。在几乎所有的情况下，顶注的目的只是为了将读者引向其他文章，以防他们实际上是在寻找他们在包含顶注的文章中找不到的东西。
如果一个给定的术语存在一个消歧义页面，那么链接到它就足够了。例如，如果条目是天龙八部，那么它的顶注将链接到天龙八部_(消歧义)；它不应该有其他同样被称为天龙八部的主题的条目，如天龙八部 (1982年电视剧)或天龙八部 (2002年游戏)，因为它们已经在消歧页中列出。然而，如果有相当多的读者期待这篇条目会出现在相关的标题下，那么这样的单一条目是可以被链接：例如，苹果是与水果有关，但是许多读者期待会在这个标题下找到关于手机的文章；因此，那里的顶注正确地写为
{{about|水果和植物|美國科技公司|苹果公司|其他用法|苹果 (消歧义)}}
它会显示为
顶注的数量应尽可能地少。一个可以容纳几个链接的顶注，比两个或更多的顶注要好得多。但是，如果每个人都有不同的目的，例如消除标题的歧义或区分类似的术语，那么多个顶注也是合适的。[2]
概述与否
有些顶注消歧义模板会包括一段当下条目的主题的简短摘要，某些模板没有。例如，在康熙条目，可以使用模板 {{about}} ：
或是，也有人会使用{{other uses}}：
这两种风格都是可接受的，在条目使用哪种风格取决于编者的选择，以及对读者来说是否更为清晰而容易。当条目已有顶注存在，除非有更好的理由否则应该避免改变成其他风格。
适当使用的示例
相似标题的两个项目
- This article is about the village in England. For H. P. Lovecraft's fictional town, see Dunwich (Lovecraft).
Dunwich (pronounced Dun-Itch) is a town in the county of Suffolk in England, the remnant of what was once a prosperous seaport and centre of the wool trade during the early middle ages, with a natural harbour formed by the mouths of the River Blyth...
当两个项目拥有相同的标题，一个已消歧义、另一个尚未消歧，未消歧义的项目应该包含一个顶注及通往另一个项目的链接。这时候不需要建立单独的消歧义页面。{{about}}模板可能适用此例。在这个例子里原始码为 {{about|the village in England|H. P. Lovecraft's fictional town|Dunwich (Lovecraft)}}
链接至消歧义页
- 关于“小甜甜”的其他意思，详见“小甜甜 (消歧义)”。
《小甜甜》是日本儿童文学作家水木杏子（名木田惠子）原作，漫画家五十岚优美子作画的少女漫画作品，亦为以同漫画改编的电视动画主题歌。
- For other uses, see Monolith (disambiguation).
A monolith is a monument or natural feature such as a mountain, consisting of a single massive stone or rock. Erosion usually exposes these formations...
当用语有一个主要的含义，和两个或更多的意涵，主要题目页面的顶注应该链接至消歧义页。 {{otheruses}} 模板可能适用此例。
在许多情况下，顶注还包括一段该条目的简短介绍，以方便读者：
- 本文介绍的是关于希腊神话的迷宫。关于其他用法，详见“迷宫 (消歧义)”。
迷宫在希腊神话中是一座精心制作的建筑物，由名匠代达罗斯为克里特岛的国王米诺斯所设计，建造于克诺索斯。这座迷宫用来囚禁米诺斯的儿子……
- This article is about the mazelike labyrinth from Greek mythology. For other uses, see Labyrinth (disambiguation).
In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth was an elaborate maze-like structure constructed for King Minos of Crete and designed by the legendary artificer Daedalus to hold the Minotaur...
{{about}} 模板可能适用此例。在这种情况下，参数为{{about|關於希臘神話的迷宮}}
由暧昧用语重定向至清晰名称的项目
当有清楚名称的条目重定向自含糊用语，{{redirect}}或相关模板能够应用于此：
拿破仑一世
维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自拿破仑）
- “拿破仑”重定向至此。关于其他同名人物或拿破仑的其他意思，详见“拿破仑 (消歧义)”。
拿破仑·波拿巴（Napoléon Bonaparte，1769年8月15日—1821年5月5日），即拿破仑一世（Napoléon Ier），出生于科西嘉岛，法国军事家与政治家，法兰西第一共和国第一执政（1799年－1804年）……
Johann Sebastian Bach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bach)
- "Bach" redirects here. For other uses, see Bach (disambiguation).
Johann Sebastian Bach (发音为/joˈhan/ˈjoːhan zeˈbastjan ˈbax/) (March 21, 1685 O.S. – July 28, 1750 N.S.) was a prolific German composer...
不适当使用的示例
琐细资讯、字义、俚语
注解一个微不足道的细节、术语用法，或链接至极度特定和偏颇的材料时，这些都是不正当的。
经济，意思是
- 经世济民，表示治理世事，使富裕民生。
- 经济 (经济学)，指一定范围（国家、区域）内，组织一切生产、分配、流通和消费活动与关系的系统之总称。
- 用较少的付出获得较大的成效。
路人，意思是
上空可以指：
尺度可以指：
- 尺度，处事或看待事物的标准
- 尺度 (天气)，天气系统的大小及持续时间
包袱可以指：
大号可以指：
- 大号，一种低音铜管乐器，这种乐器是体积最大、音域最低的铜管乐器，在管弦乐队、管乐队中经常使用。
- 大号亦可指某种物件在尺寸、重量、体积或容量上很大。
- 正式名称，同“大名”，和“小名”相对。
- 在中国某些地方，大号指厕所。
- 某些地区称大便。
Investment，意思是
- During a siege, to invest a town or fortress means to surround it with a contravallation and a circumvallation.
Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. It refers to the accumulation of some kind of asset in hopes of getting a future return from it...
在这种情况下，没有直接消歧义，而列出的注解必然非大多数读者的兴趣。适当的消歧义只需要连接到一个单独的页面——杜松 (消歧义)、大号 (消歧义)、天花 (消歧义)、大陆 (消歧义)、en:Invest (disambiguation)。
关于该主题的正统资讯
A previous version of the Aisha article showed:
- Ayesha is sometimes used as a woman's name. Once popular only among Muslims, it was briefly popular among English-speakers after it appeared in the book She by Rider Haggard.
Aisha or Ayesha (Arabic عائشه `ā'isha = "she who lives") was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad...
This is a typical and highly improper misuse of disambiguating hatnotes. Instead, the information belongs in the body of the article, or in the articles about the book, or in a separate article about names, or all three places. Hatnotes are meant to reduce confusion and direct readers to another article they might have been looking for, not for information about the subject of the article itself.
链接至与主题高度相关的项目
- This article is about the scientific study of extraterrestrial life; for treatment in popular culture, see Extraterrestrial life in popular culture.
Extraterrestrial life is life that may exist and originate outside the planet Earth. Its existence is currently hypothetical: there is as yet no evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by scientists...
Instead of using a hatnote, it is better to summarize Extraterrestrial life in popular culture under a subsection of Extraterrestrial life in conjunction with the {{main}} template. Alternatively, it could be linked to in the See also section.
并非暧昧的清晰项目名称
Tree (set theory)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Tree (disambiguation).
In set theory, a tree is a partially ordered set (poset) in which there is a single unique minimal element (called the root) and in which the set of elements less than a given element is well ordered...
Here, the problem is that a reader following links within Wikipedia or using Wikipedia's own search engine would not have ended up at tree (set theory) if they were interested in other types of trees, as tree does not redirect there.
However, a hatnote may still be appropriate when even a more specific name is still ambiguous. For example, Matt Smith (comics) might still be confused for the comics illustrator Matt Smith (illustrator).
A hatnote may also be appropriate in an unambiguously named article when an ambiguous term redirects to it, as explained in the "Proper uses" section above.
多余链接
One should not link terms other than the desired target in the hatnote. For example:
For the New Orleans, Louisiana, United States radio station known as WTIX from 1953 to 2005, see WIST (AM).
WTIX (980 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Sports radio format.
In this case, the link to New Orleans, Louisiana in the hatnote is inappropriate. Only the possible other destination (WIST (AM)) should be linked.
外部链接
A previous version of the Hurricane Katrina article contained:
- If you are trying to locate someone missing in Hurricane Katrina, or register yourself as found, you can use the site www.disastersearch.org [1]
Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall near New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 29, 2005, was one of the most destructive and expensive tropical cyclones to hit the United States...
The use of external help links in Wikipedia, though noble, cannot reasonably be maintained. In special cases, a link to an "External links" section with several links may be appropriate, but POV favoritism can be obstructive. In this case, the hatnote was removed entirely.
不存在的项目
顶注应避免用于不存在的条目，注解的目的是指示用户到另一个他们可能有意探求的项目。例外情况是如果要立即创建所链接的条目的条目。在这种情况下，考虑先创建新条目，再挽救附加的顶注。
顶注模板
一般的顶注
{{Hatnote}}允许一般文本以顶注格式显示。当下面列出的其他特定模板都不包括所需的参数组合时，或者在一个单一的顶注中结合几个参数时，它是合适的。
{{Hatnote|CUSTOM TEXT}}→
{{Hatnote|For other senses of this term, see [[etc...]]}}→
{{Self reference}}(一个用于自我参照维基百科资料的通用模板)
Other uses of the same title ("For ..., see ...")
根据WP:NAMB，当文章的名称不含糊时，通常最好不要有一个顶注。
"This page is about ... For other uses, see..."
{{About}}是记述其他用途的主要模板。
注意：当在主命名空间（又称主空间）中使用时，下面的顶注中的 "页面 "一词被替换为 "文章"。
{{About|TOPIC}}→{{About|USE1||PAGE2}}(When the disambiguation page has a different name – Note the empty second parameter) →{{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2}}(When there is only one other use) →{{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}}(Two pages for USE2) →{{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2#SUBSECTION{{!}}PAGE2TITLE}}(Using the {{!}} magic word to give the link a different title) →{{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses}}(When there are several standard other uses and also a disambiguation page with default name – Note that the last page name is not specified) →{{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses|PAGE3}}(When there are several standard other uses and also a disambiguation page with non-default name) →{{About||USE2|PAGE2|USE3|PAGE3|other uses}}(When you don't need to state the focus of this article/page – Note the empty first parameter) →{{About|||PAGE1|and|PAGE2}}→
- Note:
{{for||PAGE1|PAGE2}}produces the same result.
{{About|TOPIC|section=yes}}→
- Note: this hatnote says "section", instead of "article" or "page".
{{About|USE1|text=TEXT}}→ 此页面介绍的是USE1。TEXT。
"This page is about ... It is not to be confused with ..."
{{About-distinguish}} is a template for noting other uses when there could be confusion with another topic.
{{About-distinguish|USE1|PAGE1}}→{{About-distinguish2|USE1|TEXT}}→
提示：此页面介绍的是USE1，请勿将其与TEXT混淆。
"For ..., see ..."
{{For}} can be used instead of {{About}} so as not to display: This page is about USE1. but still specify a specific other use. This effect can also be achieved by using an empty first parameter in {{About}} as in:
- For example:
{{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}}is the same as{{About||OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}}(note the empty first parameter).
However, it is somewhat clearer when using the {{For}} template, since the word "about" does not appear in the statement.
{{For|OTHER TOPIC}}→{{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}}→{{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2}}→{{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}→
- Variations
- As with {{Other uses}}, there is a whole family of "for" templates. {{For2}} allows custom text, such as quotation marks or a link from part of the "CUSTOM TEXT", but does not supply automatic wikilinking
{{For2|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT}}→(note how CUSTOM TEXT isn't bluelinked) 关于OTHER TOPIC，请见CUSTOM TEXT。
- It also supports up to three topics:
{{For2|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2}}→ 关于OTHER TOPIC，请见CUSTOM TEXT。关于OTHER TOPIC 2，请见CUSTOM TEXT 2。{{For2|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2|OTHER TOPIC 3|CUSTOM TEXT 3}}→ 关于OTHER TOPIC，请见CUSTOM TEXT。关于OTHER TOPIC 2，请见CUSTOM TEXT 2。关于OTHER TOPIC 3，请见CUSTOM TEXT 3。
"For other uses, see ..."
When such a wordy hatnote as {{About}} is not needed, {{Other uses}} is often useful.
{{Other uses}}→
关于与“Wikipedia:顶注”标题相近或相同的项目页，请见“Hatnote (disambiguation)”。
{{Other uses|PAGE1}}→
关于与“Wikipedia:顶注”标题相近或相同的项目页，请见“PAGE1”。
{{Other uses|PAGE1|PAGE2}}→
关于与“Wikipedia:顶注”标题相近或相同的项目页，请见“PAGE2”。
- Variations
- There are, historically, a whole family of "other uses" templates for specific cases. {{About}} is the standard hatnote for "other uses" and many of them can be specified using the {{About}} template. However, the individual templates may be easier to use in certain contexts.
- Here are the variations and (when appropriate) the equivalents using the {{About}}, {{Other uses}} or {{For}} templates.
- "For other uses of ..., see ..."
{{Other uses of|TOPIC}}→ Template:Other uses of{{Other uses of|TOPIC|PAGE1}}→ Template:Other uses of
Redirect
"... redirects here. For other uses, see ..."
{{Redirect|REDIRECT}}→{{Redirect|REDIRECT||PAGE1}}→{{Redirect|REDIRECT|USE1|PAGE1}}→{{Redirect|REDIRECT|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}}→{{Redirect|REDIRECT|USE1|PAGE1|and|PAGE2}}→
- Variations
- For two sources:
{{Redirect-two|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}}→{{Redirect-two|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE}}→{{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2||PAGE1}}→{{Redirect-two|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE1}}→{{Redirect-two|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}}→
- For three or more sources:
{{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}}→{{Redirect-multi|3|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}}→ “REDIRECT1”、“REDIRECT2”和“REDIRECT3”均重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见“REDIRECT1 (消歧义)”、“REDIRECT2 (消歧义)”和“REDIRECT3 (消歧义)”。{{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE}}→{{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}}→{{Redirect-several|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}}→
- To specify the text following "redirects here.":
{{Redirect|REDIRECT|text=TEXT}}→ “REDIRECT”重定向至此。TEXT。{{Redirect-synonym|TERM|OTHER TOPIC}}→
"For technical reasons, ... redirects here. ...
{{Technical reasons|REDIRECT}}→{{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|PAGE}}→{{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION|PAGE}}→{{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION1|PAGE1|DESCRIPTION2|PAGE2}}→
... redirects here. It is not to be confused with ...
{{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}→{{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}→{{Redirect-distinguish2|REDIRECT|TEXT}}→ Template:Redirect-distinguish2
Similar proper names ("For other people named ...")
Other people
{{Other people}}→{{Other people|NAME}}→{{Other people|NAME|PAGE}}→{{Other people||PAGE}}→{{Other people|NAME|PAGE|named=titled}}→{{About other people|PERSON1}}→ Template:About other people{{About other people|PERSON1|NAME}}→ Template:About other people{{About other people|PERSON1|NAME|named=titled}}→ Template:About other people{{About other people|PERSON1|NAME|PAGE}}→ Template:About other people{{About other people|PERSON1||PAGE}}→ Template:About other people{{About other people|PERSON1|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}→ Template:About other people{{Similar names|NAME1|NAME2|NAME3|NAME4}}→ Template:Similar names
- Note: defaults to "named" as in {{Other people}}, exists for options like "nicknamed", "known as", etc.
Other places/ships/hurricanes
{{Other places}}, analogous to {{Other uses}} →{{Other places|PAGE}}, analogous to {{Other uses}} →{{Other ships|SHIP1}}→ Template:Other ships{{Other hurricanes|HURR}}→ Template:Other hurricanes
Distinguish
"Not to be confused with ..."
{{Distinguish|PAGE1}}→{{Distinguish|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}→{{Distinguish|text = TEXT}}→ 提示：此项目页的主题不是TEXT。{{Distinguish|text = TEXT1 [[PAGE1]] TEXT2}}→
"... redirects here. It is not to be confused with ..."
{{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}→{{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}→{{Redirect-distinguish-text|REDIRECT|TEXT}}→ Template:Redirect-distinguish2
Family names
Family names can also be clarified using inline footnotes, such as with {{Efn Chinese name}}.
For use in sections
"Main article: ..."
{{Main}} is used to make summary style explicit, when used in a summary section for which there is also a separate article on the subject:
"Further information: ..."
{{Further}} can supplement {{Main}} in summary sections, or can indicate more details in nonsummary sections:
{{Further|PAGE}}→{{Further|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}→{{Further|topic=TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}→{{Further2|[[PAGE1]], [[PAGE2]], and other text}}→{{Further ill}}may be used to link to articles containing further information on a topic, where English Wikipedia does not yet have an article, but another language Wikipedia does.
"See also ..."
{{See also}} can be used at the head of a section.
{{See also|TOPIC PAGE|OTHER TOPIC PAGE}}→
- Note: use only when OTHER TOPIC PAGE is related to current article and contains a self-explanatory parenthetical.
{{See also2|[[OTHER TOPIC]]|[[OTHER TOPIC2]]|[[OTHER TOPIC3]] and other text}}→
Article or section transclusions
{{Transcluding article|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3...}}(used when transcluding 1 or more entire articles into a target article) → Template:Transcluding article{{Transcluded section|PAGE}}(used when selectively transcluding a section from one article into a section of the target article) →{{Transcluded section|PAGE|part=yes}}(used when selectively transcluding a section into part of a section on the target page) →
For category pages
Category-specific templates:
{{Category see also|THIS|THAT|THE OTHER}}→
This is a template for linking categories horizontally. Horizontal linkage is often the right solution when vertical linkage (i.e., as sub-category and parent category) is not appropriate. In most cases, this template should be used on both categories to create reciprocal linkage between the two categories.
{{Cat main|MAIN ARTICLE}}→{{Category explanation|colourless green ideas}}→{{Category pair|TOPIC1|TOPIC2}}→{{Preceding category|OTHER TOPIC}}→{{Succeeding category|OTHER TOPIC}}→{{Contrast|OTHERCAT1|OTHERCAT2}}→{{Contrast|OTHERCAT1|OTHERCAT2|plural=yes}}→
Correct titles
"The correct title of this article is ... The substitution or omission of the (or, without a reason: "It appears incorrectly here") ... is due to technical restrictions."
Lists
在创建或编辑一个模板之前要做什么
 | '本模板不能替换引用嵌入。'不要通过subst:使用这些模板，这会造成：
|
这些模板在数以千计的条目中使用。因此，更改此模板的语法有可能造成数以千计的条目被破坏。如果你需要创建或编辑一个消歧义或重定向模板，请先问问自己以下几个问题：
- 是否已经有模板能够达成这个功能？由于有许多消歧义和重定向页面已经被创建，请先检查Category:顶注模板。
- 我是否真的需要新的模板才能实现这个功能？它是否会被用在其他页面上？或者我只应该用{{Hatnote}}就够了？在创建新的模板之前，请参考Wikipedia:模板命名空间中的相关说明。
- 如果我修改了现有模板的参数，我是否知道其结果是什么？它是否会破坏现有的模板调用？如果破坏了，我能不能全都修好？
在做任何更改之前，请先参阅Wikipedia:模板的沙盒和测试样例。
另见
参考
- ^ 请参见MOS:SECTIONORDER以获得顶注的位置的具体细节。
- ^ The acceptability of multiple hatnotes was clarified in a 2016 discussion.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||