南海仲裁案的國際反應
在南海仲裁案中,各國政府和一些國際組織對其或多或少地表達了看法,這涉及南中國海領土爭端。這些國家和組織並不一定完全偏向某方,因為這關乎受爭議地區的主權問題。
南海島礁主權及海洋權益的聲索方
中華民國
中華民國並沒有被邀請參加仲裁案,台灣的大多數媒體對其評價甚低[1]。菲律賓方面認為,台方控制的太平島不是島嶼而是礁石[2]。對此,中華民國前總統馬英九對此予以反駁,認為菲律賓的看法完全錯誤[3]。中華民國政府邀請仲裁庭5個仲裁員和菲律賓方面到太平島鑑識。菲律賓拒絕了邀請[4]。
越南
2014年12月11日,越南政府表達了看法,宣示對該案的支持。越南當局提出三點:支持菲律賓的訴求;拒絕承認中國方面單方面提出的「九段線」要求;要求仲裁庭也關注帕拉塞爾群島(中國稱其為西沙群島)的主權問題[5]。
其它
汶萊也對該案表達了關切,並也對南中國海問題提交過自己的主張[6]。2009年5月,馬來西亞、越南,在國際海洋法法庭提出關於島嶼主權歸屬的訴訟,聲稱其擁有其相關的大陸架和專屬經濟區。中華人民共和國拒絕接受,聲稱其違反「九段線」,主張應該完全依據《南海各方行為宣言》。菲律賓質疑馬來西亞的主張,指出其與北婆羅洲產生重疊[7][8]。
印尼認為中國聲索主權的「島嶼」大部分為礁石,不能長時間露在水面上,所以認為中國的主張是完全沒有根據的[7][9]。
非仲裁案當事國政府立場
支持仲裁庭仲裁
支持對話談判
- 安哥拉[26][27]
- 阿富汗[28]
- 阿爾及利亞[29]
- 孟加拉[30]
- 白俄羅斯[30]
- 汶萊[31][32]
- 蒲隆地[33]
- 柬埔寨[34][35][36]
- 喀麥隆[37]
- 中非[26]
- 葛摩[38]
- 剛果共和國[39]
- 埃及[40]
- 厄利垂亞[41][42]
- 衣索比亞[43]
- 加彭[44]
- 甘比亞[45]
- 幾內亞比索[26]
- 印度[46][47]
- 哈薩克[30][48]
- 肯亞[49]
- 吉爾吉斯[50]
- 寮國[31][32]
- 黎巴嫩[29]
- 賴索托[51]
- 賴比瑞亞[26][52]
- 利比亞[53]
- 馬拉威[54]
- 馬達加斯加[26][55]
- 茅利塔尼亞[44]
- 莫三比克[33]
- 尼日[56]
- 巴基斯坦[57]
- 巴勒斯坦[51]
- 巴布亞紐幾內亞[58]
- 波蘭
- 卡達[29]
- 俄羅斯[59]
- 沙烏地阿拉伯[29]
- 塞爾維亞[60]
- 獅子山[61]
- 斯洛維尼亞[24]
- 南非[62]
- 斯里蘭卡[63]
- 蘇丹[29][64]
- 瑞典[65][66]
- 塔吉克[67]
- 坦尚尼亞[41][42]
- 中華民國[68]
- 多哥[69]
- 烏干達[70]
- 萬那杜[71]
- 委內瑞拉[44]
- 葉門[29][72]
- 尚比亞[73]
- 辛巴威[74]
摘要
2015年8月,印度外交國務部長V·K·辛格告訴記者,類似的領土爭端應該通過和平手段解決,類似於印度和孟加拉國之間的領海爭端通過《聯合國海洋法》解決,呼籲各方應在《南海共同行為宣言》的基礎下進行解決。[75]2015年10月,印度外交部長蘇詩馬·斯瓦拉吉在一份聯合聲明中表示,印度支持和平解決爭端。和平手段應根據國際法原則,包括《聯合國海洋法》。2016年4月,蘇詩馬·斯瓦拉吉在一份與中國、俄羅斯共同發表的一份公報中稱,其支持在國際法基礎上,根據海洋法公約,所有相關的爭端應通過有關各方之間的談判和協議解決。[47]這表明出印度支持中國和俄羅斯的信號。[76]
2016年4月13日,中國外交部部長王毅和斐濟外交部部長伊諾凱·昆布安博拉共同發表了一個聯合新聞稿。中國政府該新聞稿稱斐濟支持中國的主張,兩國同意就雙方的主權和海洋權益致力於通過和平手段解決讓國際法公約得到尊重。[77]次日,斐濟方面稱斐濟政府並沒有支持過中國的主張[78]。2016年5月,中國外交部發言人華春瑩聲稱,其為對中國立場表達支持的40個國家裡的其中一個。[79]2016年6月,有報道稱有60個國家支持中國的主張和立場。中國方面強調,七八個國家代表不了國際社會。[61][80]
韓國對該糾紛一直保持著沉默,一般認為其持中立態度。2015年東亞峰會期間,韓國總統朴槿惠表示,南中國海爭端的有關各方應遵守《南海共同行為宣言》並依據國際法解決。「韓國一直強調爭端必須根據國際協議和行為準則和平解決」「中國必須保證航行自由和飛行的權利」。[81][82]
馬來西亞、新加坡和泰國派出了觀察員參加訴訟過程。[83]
波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納[84][10][85]以及波蘭拒絕支持任何主張[30][86][85]。
區域集團
阿拉伯國家聯盟秘書長納比勒·阿拉比說,阿拉伯國家支持中國維護國家主權和領土完整的立場。然而,阿拉伯國家聯盟還強調,主權國家的解決方法和聯合國海洋法公約的簽署國一樣,應得到尊重。[87]
歐洲聯盟鼓勵爭端的各方能通過對話和合作尋求和平解決,並要依照國際法,尤其是涉及到聯合國公約海洋法時[88]。歐盟外事發表聲明稱「歐盟期盼的是一個在國際法的原則下——特別是在聯合國海洋法公約原則下的建立海洋秩序」[89]。歐盟還強調「中國應當尊重裁決結果」[90]。
捷克陸軍將軍切赫·帕維爾說,北約尊崇「以規則為基礎的國際體系」,並以此來解決國際爭端。他補充說,「中國是一個簽署了《海洋法公約》的國家,中國應該尊重規則。」[15],北約支持雙方進行以政治和外交為基礎的談判,用「以規則為基礎的國際體系」以及「和平的方式」解決「不和諧」[91]。
上海合作組織秘書長拉希德·奧利莫夫明確聲明「所有上海合作組織成員國支持中國為維護南海的和平與穩定進行努力。」該聲明稱與之有直接關係的國家應通過談判和協商解決符合所有雙邊條約,在南海各方行為宣言談判協商解決。聲明還敦促所有人尊重「主權國家自行解決糾紛的方式」的權利,堅決反對外界介入到中國南海問題以及對爭端國際化的嘗試。[92]
學者分析
中國聲稱的「九段線」
- 中國南海研究院高級研究員吳士存認為,中國對九段線內的領土主權聲明早於海洋法公約半個世紀,根據國際法不溯過往的基本原則來看,現有國際法不能規定過去的事實存在[93]。
- 維多利亞大學法學部教授特德·麥克多曼認為,歷史性水域不受海洋法公約規管。國際法院在1982年對突尼斯和利比亞領海爭議的判決中顯示,「歷史性權利」由國際習慣法規定,海洋法公約沒有約束性[94]。
- 國家安全法中心和海洋法與政策中心主任約翰·諾頓·摩爾說,中國的「九段線」聲明是非法的,在現有海洋法中明禁此舉。[95]他還認為,九段線實際上不利於中國的整體利益。他說:「如果全世界各國都效仿中國設立九段線這種做法宣稱領土主權,那麼這將損害中國在世界各地的利益。」[96]
菲律賓的聲索
- 中央蘭開夏大學哈里斯國際法終身講席教授鄒克淵在他出版的新書中稱,中國在南沙群島(斯普拉特利群島)的專屬經濟區權利被菲律賓刻意忽略,而控制方實際控制的陸地擁有其周圍的海事管轄權。案件對專屬經濟區的判決含有水分,菲律賓以此獲得其「微弱」的國際支援。[97]
- 國立臺灣師範大學政治學研究所教授王冠雄認為,菲律賓的申訴書本身「可疑」。菲律賓在破壞該地區的穩定局勢。[98]
判決結果
- 國際法院前法官阿卜杜勒·科羅馬指出,中國拒絕仲裁是正確的[99]。
- 德拉薩大學政治學助理教授,過去是菲律賓眾議院政策顧問(2009- 2015年)的理察·賈瓦德·海達里安說,中國的最終目的是獲得對鄰近海域的實際控制權。唯一的問題是:它能否以及如何實現這一目標。並且他認為,國際仲裁庭沒有實際力量讓中國接受仲裁結果[100]。
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- ^ Sudan urges peaceful solution to conflicts in South China Sea. Xinhua. 28 May 2016 [29 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-29).
- ^ 瑞典政府針對南海仲裁結果發表聲明. [2016-07-14]. (原始內容存檔於2016-10-11).
- ^ 瑞典大使館微信表示支持中國政府 該微信隨後被刪除
- ^ 存档副本. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-11).
- ^ Radio Taiwan International - News - Taiwan rejects arbitration on South China Sea: Foreign ministry. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-15).
- ^ Togo latest country to support China’s stand on South China Sea issue. Global Times (SINA Corporation). 19 May 2016 [29 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-20).
- ^ Uganda calls for peaceful resolution of South China Sea dispute - Xinhua - English.news.cn. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-31).
- ^ Vanuatu supports China’s proposition on South China Sea. Papua New Guinea Today. 26 May 2016 [29 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-29).
- ^ China says has wide support for stance on South China Sea case. Reuters. 12 May 2016 [29 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-21).
- ^ 存档副本. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-21).
- ^ Zimbabwe's Mugabe Supports China's Stance on South China Sea Issue: Official. [29 June 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-23).
- ^ India once again ticks of China over South China Sea issue. Firstpost. 8 August 2015 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-08).
- ^ Sputnik. All for One: How Russia, China, India Will Solve South China Sea Dispute. 22 April 2016 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-04).
- ^ 存档副本. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-24).
- ^ Fiji doesn’t support China in maritime dispute. [29 June 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-10).
- ^ China says more than 40 countries support its stance on South China Sea dispute. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-08).
- ^ 存档副本. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-18).
- ^ South Korea and the South China Sea: A Domestic and International Balancing Act. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-07).
- ^ Where does South Korea Stand on the South China Sea Dispute?. 2 July 2014 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-29).
- ^ Mina Pollmann; The Diplomat. Amid South China Sea Tensions, Japan Strengthens Ties With Philippines, Vietnam. The Diplomat. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-23).
- ^ Bosnia & Herzegovina Voices Support for China on South China Sea. CRIENGLISH.com. [23 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-12).
- ^ 85.0 85.1 Page, Jeremy. Beijing’s Claims of South China Sea Support May Not Hold Water. The Wall Street Journal. 17 June 2016 [28 June 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-20).
- ^ Wang Yi Holds Talks with Foreign Minister Witold Waszczykowski of Poland. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-07-04).
- ^ Arab States Extend Support to China on Its South China Sea Policy Read more:. Sputnik News. 13 May 2016 [23 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-22).
- ^ Philippines, EU show common stance on China. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-11).
- ^ European Union sides with United States on South China Sea incident. 2015-10-31 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-24) –透過Reuters.
- ^ Reuters. South China Sea: Britain says court of arbitration ruling must be binding. 2016-04-19 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-23).
- ^ Nato has 'no legal platforms' to intervene militarily in South China Sea. [2016-07-13]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-07).
- ^ 李珅. SCO supports peace and stability in South China Sea. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-26).
- ^ Jingya, Zhang. Chinese scholar: China holds more solid claim - CCTV News - CCTV.com English. [29 June 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-11).
- ^ S. Jayakumar; Tommy Koh; Robert Beckman. The South China Sea Disputes and Law of the Sea. Edward Elgar Publishing. 29 August 2014: 152–153. ISBN 978-1-78347-727-2.
- ^ UVA Law Professor John Norton Moore Explains South China Sea Controversy. [29 June 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-23).
- ^ A CASE OF ROCKS OR ISLANDS? Examining the South China Sea Arbitration. Asia Maratime Transparency Initiative. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-23).
- ^ Keyuan Zou. Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues And Prospects. Psychology Press. January 2005 [2016-07-12]. ISBN 978-0-415-35074-7. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-24).
- ^ Kuan-Hsiung Wang. The Philippines’ Dubious Claims in South China Sea Arbitration. The Diplomat. January 26, 2016 [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-29).
- ^ South China Sea tribunal has no legal validity-Eastday. english.eastday.com. [2016-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-30).
- ^ THE BATTLE OF THE HAGUE: PHILIPPINES V. CHINA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA. Asia Maratime Transparency Initiative. [2016-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-23).
外部連結
- The Republic of the Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China. 常設仲裁法院. [2016-02-14]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-20).