User:CreeperDigital1903/变种毒株

维基百科，自由的百科全书
SARS-COV-2——2019冠状病毒病的始作俑者

嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症冠狀病毒2型高關注變異株（英語：Variant of concern, VOC）即用于新冠变种的分类，其中穗蛋白受体结合结构域中的突变在RBD-Hace2复合物（遗传数据）中基本上增加结合亲和力（例如N501Y），同时依据流行病学数据，这也与人群的快速传播相关[1]。

此前新出现的变种可能标记为“需留意變異株”[2]。此前或后来被标记为“高關注變異株”变种通常被分配给PANGOLIN系统的基因譜系[3]、Nextstrain[4]以及全球共享流感數據倡議組織[5]系统。

2019冠状病毒病疫情期间，SARS-CoV-2的突变已被发觉, 对于某些组合的點突變的证明大于他者[6]。这主要是由于传播性、毒力以及关于潜在免疫逃避的原因。

评判标准

Several national and international health organisations (e.g. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (US), Public Health England (PHE) and the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium for the UK, and the Canadian COVID Genomics Network (CanCOGeN)) use some or all of the following criteria to assess variants:[7][8]

  • Increased transmissibility
  • Increased morbidity
  • Increased mortality
  • Increased risk of "long COVID"
  • Ability to evade detection by diagnostic tests
  • Decreased susceptibility to antiviral drugs (if and when such drugs are available)
  • Decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, either therapeutic (e.g., convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies) or in laboratory experiments
  • Ability to evade natural immunity (e.g., causing reinfections)
  • Ability to infect vaccinated individuals
  • Increased risk of particular conditions such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome or long-haul COVID.
  • Increased affinity for particular demographic or clinical groups, such as children or immunocompromised individuals.

Variants that appear to meet one or more of these criteria may be labeled "variants of interest" or "variants under investigation" ('VUI') pending verification and validation of these properties. Once validated, variants of interest /VUI may be renamed "variants of concern" by monitoring organizations, such as the CDC.[2][6][9] A related category is "variant of high consequence", used by the CDC if there is clear evidence that the effectiveness of prevention or intervention measures for a particular variant is substantially reduced.[10]

各国分类

世卫组织

The WHO maintains a list of variants of global concern.[11] On 26 November 2021, the WHO added a fifth variant of concern, the Omicron variant, previously known as B.1.1.529.[12] Omicron joins the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants.

非洲

The NICD in South Africa maintains a list of variants and testing facilities locally in collaboration with KRISP.[13][14]

欧洲

As of late November 2021, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control had declared four variants to be 'variants of concern': Beta, Gamma, Delta, and B.1.1.529 (named 'Omicron' after the reference was updated); Mu, Lambda and AY.4.2 were named as Variants of Interest (VOI), while there were 9 'Variants under monitoring'. 25 variants were described as 'de-escalated'.[15]

英国

As of late November 2021, the United Kingdom has fifteen variants on its 'watch list', 4 with 'VOC' status and 11 rated as 'VUI'. Those designated 'VOC' were Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. In early December 2021, Omicron was added to the VOCs. Among the Variants under investigation is 'VUI-21OCT-01/ A.Y 4.2'.[16]

北美

Canada (via 'health-infobase.canada.ca')[17] and the United States (via CDC)[18] also maintain lists of variants of concern. As of early December, Canada was monitoring five Variants of Concern: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, while the US was monitoring two: Delta and Omicron.[19]

参考文献

  1. ^ Shahhosseini, Nariman; Babuadze, George (Giorgi); Wong, Gary; Kobinger, Gary P. Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Microorganisms. May 2021, 9 (5): 926. PMC 8146828 可免费查阅. PMID 33925854. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Variants: distribution of cases data. GOV.UK. At "Differences between a Variant of Concern and Variant Under Investigation". 28 January 2021 [19 February 2021]. SARS-CoV-2 variants, if considered to have concerning epidemiological, immunological, or pathogenic properties, are raised for formal investigation. At this point they are designated Variant Under Investigation (VUI) with a year, month, and number. Following a risk assessment with the relevant expert committee, they may be designated Variant of Concern (VOC) 
  3. ^ Rambaut, A.; Holmes, E.C.; O’Toole, Á.; et al. A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. Nature Microbiology. 2020, 5 (11): 1403–1407. PMC 7610519 可免费查阅. PMID 32669681. S2CID 220544096. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Bedford, Trevor; Hodcroft, Emma B; Neher, Richard A. Updated Nextstrain SARS-CoV-2 clade naming strategy. nextstrain.org/blog. 6 January 2021 [19 January 2021]. 
  5. ^ clade tree (from 'Clade and lineage nomenclature'). www.gisaid.org. 4 July 2020 [7 January 2021]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Griffiths, Emma; Tanner, Jennifer; Knox, Natalie; Hsiao, Will; Van Domselaar, Gary. CanCOGeN Interim Recommendations for Naming, Identifying, and Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (PDF). CanCOGeN (nccid.ca). 2021-01-15 [25 February 2021]. 
  7. ^ Contributor, IDSA. COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants. Science Speaks: Global ID News. 2021-02-02 [2021-02-20] （美国英语）. 
  8. ^ CDC. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [2021-01-04] （美国英语）.  公有领域 本文含有此來源中屬於公有领域的内容。
  9. ^ Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in EnglandTechnical briefing 6 13 February 2021 (See section: Nomenclature of variants in the UK, P.3) assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, accessed 27 February 2021
  10. ^ CDC. Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-11 [2021-03-16] （美国英语）. 
  11. ^ Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. www.who.int. [2021-11-28] （英语）. 
  12. ^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization. [28 November 2021]. 
  13. ^ New COVID-19 variant detected in South Africa. NICD. 2021-11-25 [2021-11-29] （美国英语）. 
  14. ^ Kwazulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform. www.krisp.org.za. [2021-11-29]. 
  15. ^ SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern 26 November 2021 www.ecdc.europa.eu accessed 27 November 2021
  16. ^ Variants of concern or under investigation: data up to 24 November 2021 Updated 26 November 2021, www.gov.uk, accessed 27 November 2021
  17. ^ COVID-19 daily epidemiology update 12 May 2021 health-infobase.canada.ca accessed 13 May 2021
  18. ^ SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020 [30 April 2021] （美国英语）. 
  19. ^ SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions Dec. 1, 2021 www.cdc.gov, accessed December 7, 2021
SARS-CoV-2（病毒株）· COVID-19（疾病）· 全球大流行（世界卫生组织定級）
 
甲型冠狀病毒屬
（α-CoV）
甲型冠狀病毒1型
甲型冠狀病毒2型
雪貂冠狀病毒（FRECV · FRSCV） · 水鼬冠狀病毒（MCoV）
229E病毒
人類冠狀病毒229E（HCoV-229E） · 羊駝冠狀病毒（ACoV） · 單峰駱駝229E樣冠狀病毒 · 蝙蝠229E樣冠狀病毒
NL63病毒
長翼蝠冠狀病毒HKU8（Bat-CoV HKU8） · 長翼蝠冠狀病毒1型（Bat-CoV 1A/1B） · 褐扁顱蝠冠狀病毒HKU33（Tr-BatCoV HKU33）
其他
鼩鼱冠狀病毒T14（Sa-CoV T14） · 文成鼩鼱病毒（WESV） · 鹿城褐家鼠冠状病毒（LRNV）
乙型冠狀病毒屬
（β-CoV）
Embecovirus（英语：Embecovirus）
（支系A）
乙型冠狀病毒1型（β1CoV）
牛冠狀病毒（BCoV） · 人類冠狀病毒OC43（HCoV-OC43） · 馬冠狀病毒（ECoV） · 豬凝血性腦脊髓炎病毒（PHEV） · 犬呼吸道冠狀病毒（CRCoV）
兔冠狀病毒HKU14（RbCoV HKU14） · 黃鼠冠狀病毒HKU24（ChRCoV HKU24） · 龍泉黑線姬鼠冠狀病毒（LAMV）
鼠冠狀病毒（M-CoV）
鼠肝炎病毒（MHV） · 大鼠冠狀病毒（RCoV）（大鼠涎淚腺炎病毒SDAV · 帕克RCoV）
人類冠狀病毒HKU1（HCoV-HKU1） · 龍泉羅賽鼠冠狀病毒（LRLV）
Merbecovirus（英语：Merbecovirus）
（支系C）
刺蝟冠狀病毒（EriCoV） · 東北刺蝟冠狀病毒HKU31（Ea-HedCoV HKU31） · 扁颅蝠冠状病毒HKU4（Bat-CoV HKU4） · 伏翼蝠冠状病毒HKU5（Bat-CoV HKU5） · 中東呼吸綜合症冠狀病毒（MERS-CoV） · 祖魯棕蝠冠狀病毒（NeoCoV） · 灰伏翼冠狀病毒HKU25（Hp-BatCoV HKU25）
Nobecovirus（英语：Nobecovirus）（支系D）
果蝠冠状病毒GCCDC1（Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1） · 果蝠冠状病毒HKU9（Ro-BatCoV HKU9）
Hibecovirus（英语：Hibecovirus）                            
普氏蹄蝠冠狀病毒ZJ013（BtHp-BetaCoV/ZJ2013）
Sarbecovirus（支系B）                            
SARS-CoV-1 · SARS-CoV-2 · 变种 · 蝙蝠SARSr-CoV（詳见Template:SARSr-CoV）
丙型冠状病毒属
（γ-CoV）
Cegacovirus
鯨豚冠狀病毒（白鯨冠狀病毒SW1 · 瓶鼻海豚冠狀病毒HKU22）
Brangacovirus（英语：Brangacovirus）
Igacovirus（英语：Igacovirus）
禽冠狀病毒（傳染性支氣管炎病毒） · 禽冠狀病毒9203（火雞冠狀病毒）
丁型冠狀病毒屬
（δ-CoV）
鵯冠狀病毒HKU11（BuCoV HKU11） · 鶇冠狀病毒HKU12（ThCoV HKU12） · 文鳥冠狀病毒HKU13（英语：Munia coronavirus HKU13）（MuCoV HKU13） · 猪丁型冠状病毒（PdCV） · 繡眼冠狀病毒HKU16（英语：White-eye coronavirus HKU16）（WeCoV HKU16） · 麻雀冠狀病毒HKU17（SpCoV HKU17） · 鵲鴝冠狀病毒HKU18（MRCoV HKU18） · 夜鷺冠狀病毒HKU19 · 鴨冠狀病毒HKU20（WiCoV HKU20） · 紅冠水雞冠狀病毒HKU21（英语：Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21）（CMCoV HKU21） · 隼冠狀病毒HKU27（FalCoV UAE-HKU27） · 翎頜鴇冠狀病毒HKU28（HouCoV UAE-HKU28） · 鴿冠狀病毒HKU29（PiCoV UAE-HKU29） · 鵪鶉冠狀病毒HKU30（QuaCoV UAE-HKU30）
 
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