花生四烯乙醇胺
花生四烯乙醇胺 | |
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IUPAC名 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide | |
别名 | N-arachidonoylethanolamine 花生四烯酰乙醇胺[1] 花生四烯酸乙醇胺[2] |
识别 | |
CAS号 | 94421-68-8 |
PubChem | 5281969 |
ChemSpider | 4445241 |
SMILES |
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InChI |
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InChIKey | LGEQQWMQCRIYKG-DOFZRALJBA |
ChEBI | 2700 |
MeSH | Anandamide |
IUPHAR配体 | 2364 |
性质 | |
化学式 | C22H37NO2 |
摩尔质量 | 347.53 g/mol g·mol⁻¹ |
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
花生四烯乙醇胺,又名N-花生四烯乙醇胺或AEA,是一种内源性的大麻醇类神经传导物质。命名取自梵文(和印度半岛宗教用语)中的“阿难陀(ananda)”,意为“喜悦、极乐、欣喜”,以及酰胺[3][4]。它是由N-花生四烯酰磷脂酰乙醇胺透过多种途径合成[5]。花生四烯乙醇胺,主要是由脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)将其降解成乙醇胺和花生四烯酸。如此,脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)的抑制物导致花生四烯乙醇胺层级的提升,并被用于治疗[6][7]。
历史
花生四烯乙醇胺的结构最初由W. A. Devane, Lumír Hanuš等人在1992年时提到。当时他们在耶路撒冷的希伯来大学一个由Raphael Mechoulam带领的团队工作。[8]
生理功能
花生四烯乙醇胺可以作用在人体的中枢神经系统 ,例如脑部周围以及身体的其他部位。这些作用主要是由在中枢神经系统中的CB1大麻素受体,以及在周围神经系统的CB2大麻素受体调节。[9]后者主要参与免疫系统的功能作用。大麻素受体最初被发现时,其被发现对Δ9四氢大麻酚(Δ9-THC,通常称为THC)较为敏感,而其也正是大麻中的主要精神活性物质。而大麻素也因其对CB1和CB2受体不可避免的的影响而被发现。
花生四烯乙醇胺已经被证实会影响实验鼠的工作记忆。[10]而现在的研究正在探讨大麻素作用对人类行为的影响,例如:在进食和睡眠的模式,以及疼痛减轻。花生四烯乙醇胺也对早期胚胎以胚囊著床在子宫时有重要影响。因此大麻素,例如:Δ9-THC,可能在人妊娠的早期阶段影响其过程。[11]花生四烯乙醇胺在血浆中的高峰期一般发生在排卵期,并与雌二醇及促性腺激素呈现正相关,这表明了以上这些物质可能参与了对花生四烯乙醇胺的调节。[12]而后,花生四烯乙醇胺曾被提议用来作为不孕症的生物标志物,但迄今为止在临床上尚无任何预测值。[13]
花生四烯乙醇胺在摄食行为中扮演著调节的角色,而神经作用的行为以及产生愉悦的感受也受其影响。此外,将花生四烯乙醇胺直接注入大鼠的前脑正向强化刺激相关区域伏隔核时,会增强大鼠对于所摄取蔗糖的愉悦感,并且会增进食物的摄入量。
在一项研究中,运动的急性有益效果似乎在实验鼠中也由花生四烯乙醇胺调节。[14]花生四烯乙醇胺也是一类酰胺前体的生理活性物质的先驱。
在1998年发表的一篇研究中也曾经提到花生四烯乙醇抑制某些人类乳腺癌细胞系的增殖。[15]该现象随后在2007年的另一项研究中被再次证实。[16]
在1996年,研究人员发现巧克力中含有花生四烯乙醇胺。他们也发现,有两种物质(N-oleoylethanolamine 和 N-linoleoylethanolamine)会模仿花生四烯乙醇胺带来的影响。[17]
合成与降解
人体可以由N-花生四烯酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(NAPE)合成花生四烯乙醇胺,而N-花生四烯酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(NAPE)本身是透过N-酰基转移酶,将花生四烯酸从卵磷脂转移至脑磷脂上的游离胺上。[18][19] 花生四烯乙醇胺由NAPE的合成可以透过多种途径达成,包括酵素的参与,例如磷脂酶A2、磷脂酶C和NAPE-PLD[5]。 内源性花生四烯乙醇胺并不常存在且其半生期非常短,因为脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)的作用,会将其分解成游离的花生四烯酸和乙醇胺。与仔猪相关的研究表明,花生四烯酸及其它必需脂肪酸的摄入量会影响其脑部花生四烯乙醇胺和其他内源性大麻素的量[20]。而被以高脂肪饮食饲养的小鼠,其肝脏中的花生四烯乙醇胺的量会增加,同时也会增进脂肪的生成[21]。这说明了至少在啮齿动物中,花生四烯乙醇胺对于肥胖的发展会产生影响。 对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)在代谢上,会透过FAAH,去和花生四烯酸结合而形成AM404[22]。此对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)的代谢产物,对于TRPV1香草素受体,是一种强促效剂,但对于CB1和CB2受体,为弱促效剂,而对于花生四烯乙醇胺而言,为再吸收抑制剂。因此,身体和大脑中花生四烯乙醇胺的量提升。以此方式,对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)可作为仿大麻素代谢产物的前体药物。这个作用可以使得对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)的镇痛作用受到部分或全部的影响[23][24] 。花生四烯乙醇胺和其姊妹分子2-花生四烯酸甘油酯的运输蛋白已经被鉴定确认了,包括热休克蛋白(Hsp70s)和脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABPs)。[25][26]
药用价值
英国皇家化学学会曾表示,有研究显示AM1172有可能被开发成药物,可以提升大脑的花生四烯乙醇胺含量,因而能够用来治疗焦虑以及忧郁。[27]
参见
参考文献
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外部链接
- Could anandamide be the missing link to "runner's high"? Accessed 2008-10-18